Teamwork, Communication, Change, Innovation H Edu 4790/6790

Teams in Organizations Informal groups Informal groups Committees Committees Task forces Task forces Cross-functional teams Cross-functional teams Quality circles Quality circles

Self-Managed Work Teams Collectively accountable Collectively accountable Distribute tasks Distribute tasks Scheduling work Scheduling work Perform more than one job Perform more than one job Develop multiple job skills Develop multiple job skills Evaluate each other Evaluate each other Responsible for total quality Responsible for total quality

Team Development Forming Forming Storming Storming Norming Norming Performing Performing (Adjourning) (Adjourning)

Team Effectiveness and Diversity Lost at Sea Lost at Sea Pros and cons of group decisions Pros and cons of group decisions Importance of diversity Importance of diversity

Building norms Role model Role model Reinforce behaviors Reinforce behaviors Control Control Train and orient Train and orient Recruit good people Recruit good people Regular reviews Regular reviews Good decision making Good decision making

Cohesiveness

Building Cohesiveness Induce agreement Induce agreement Increase homogeneity Increase homogeneity Increase interaction Increase interaction Decrease size Decrease size Introduce competition Introduce competition Reward team work Reward team work Isolate from other teams Isolate from other teams

Groupthink symptoms Invulnerability Invulnerability Rationalizing Rationalizing Group morality Group morality Stereotyping competitors Stereotyping competitors Reject deviant behavior Reject deviant behavior Self-censorship Self-censorship Illusions of unanimity Illusions of unanimity Mind guarding Mind guarding

Avoiding groupthink Critical evaluator Critical evaluator Look to more than one option Look to more than one option Discuss issues with outsiders Discuss issues with outsiders Invite outside experts to participate Invite outside experts to participate Assign “devil’s advocate” Assign “devil’s advocate” Hold “second-chance” meeting Hold “second-chance” meeting

Communication The creation or exchange of understanding between sender(s) and receiver(s). The creation or exchange of understanding between sender(s) and receiver(s).

Model Sender Receiver Sender Message Feedback

Encode and Decode Examples Examples Environmental barriers Environmental barriers Personal barriers Personal barriers

Symbols Uniforms Uniforms Pictures Pictures Smile or pat on the back Smile or pat on the back Words Words

Mixed messages Words communicate one message while actions, body language, or appearance communicate something else. Words communicate one message while actions, body language, or appearance communicate something else.

Example My neighbor gets up early every morning. My neighbor gets up early every morning. My cousin plans on being very successful some day. My cousin plans on being very successful some day. My friend reads a lot of books each summer. My friend reads a lot of books each summer. I hope to live to a ripe old age. I hope to live to a ripe old age. My friend comes from a big family. My friend comes from a big family.

Model Sender Receiver Sender Message Feedback

Feedback Give feedback directly and with feeling Give feedback directly and with feeling Make feedback specific Make feedback specific Timing Timing Make sure feedback is valid Make sure feedback is valid Give in small doses Give in small doses

Communication types Body Body Mind Mind Heart Heart Shadows Shadows

Active listening Listen for content Listen for content Listen for feelings Listen for feelings Respond to feelings Respond to feelings

Perception and communication Stereotypes Stereotypes Halo effect Halo effect Selective perception Selective perception Projection Projection

Paths Downward Downward Upward Upward Horizontal Horizontal Diagonal Diagonal

Informal Grapevine Grapevine Formal follows corporate channels Formal follows corporate channels Informal—interpersonal relations Informal—interpersonal relations

How to improve MBWA MBWA Open office hours Open office hours Staff advisory councils Staff advisory councils Suggestion boxes Suggestion boxes

The incident!

Conflict Substantive Substantive Emotional Emotional Functional Functional Dysfunctional Dysfunctional Person Person Interpersonal Interpersonal

Conflict management style Avoidance Avoidance Accommodation or smoothing Accommodation or smoothing Competition or authoritative command Competition or authoritative command Compromise Compromise Collaborative (win-win) Collaborative (win-win)

Conflict resolution Appeal to higher goals Appeal to higher goals Expand resources Expand resources Alter one or more human variables Alter one or more human variables Alter physical environment Alter physical environment Use integrating devices Use integrating devices Change the reward system Change the reward system Policies and procedures Policies and procedures

Results of conflict management Lose-lose Lose-lose Win-lose Win-lose Win-win Win-win

Planned change Response to performance gap Response to performance gap Targets for change Targets for change Tasks Tasks People People Culture Culture Technology Technology Structure Structure

Process of change Stage 1 – Change identification Stage 1 – Change identification Stage 2 – Implementation planning Stage 2 – Implementation planning Stage 3 – Implementation Stage 3 – Implementation Unfreezing Unfreezing Changing Changing Refreezing Refreezing Stage 4 – Evaluation and feedback Stage 4 – Evaluation and feedback

Why do we hate change? Why do people resist change? Why do people resist change?

Resistance to change Fear of the unknown Fear of the unknown Disrupted habits Disrupted habits Loss of confidence Loss of confidence Loss of control Loss of control

Resistance to change Poor timing Poor timing Work overload Work overload Loss of face Loss of face Lack of purpose Lack of purpose

Overcoming resistance to change Force-coercion Force-coercion Rational persuasion Rational persuasion Shared power Shared power

Organization Development (OD)

Stress Consequences Consequences Constructive stress Constructive stress Destructive stress Destructive stress Job burnout Job burnout Workplace rage Workplace rage Stress management strategies Stress management strategies

Creativity Style of learning and thinking Style of learning and thinking

Creativity

Creativity ___________ program ___________ program r \ e \ a \ d \ i \ n \ g r \ e \ a \ d \ i \ n \ g ECNALG ECNALG

Creativity Stand Stand I j j u yousme yousme t

Creativity

10 Ways to enhance creativity Look for more than one “right” answer Look for more than one “right” answer Avoid too much logic Avoid too much logic Challenge rules Challenge rules Ask “what if” questions Ask “what if” questions Make ambiguity work for you Make ambiguity work for you

10 Ways to enhance creativity Look on the positive side of error Look on the positive side of error Take time to play Take time to play Break out of your specialization Break out of your specialization Support nonconformity Support nonconformity Believe in your creativity Believe in your creativity

Intuition Your intuitive ability Your intuitive ability

How managers deal with problems System thinking System thinking Intuitive thinking Intuitive thinking Multidimensional thinking Multidimensional thinking Strategic opportunism Strategic opportunism

Innovation Innovation is change, but change is not always innovation Innovation is change, but change is not always innovation Innovation is the process of taking a new idea and putting it into practice Innovation is the process of taking a new idea and putting it into practice Process innovation Process innovation Product innovation Product innovation

Four steps in innovation Idea creation Idea creation Initial experimentation Initial experimentation Feasibility determination Feasibility determination Final application Final application

Innovation roles Idea generators Idea generators Information gatekeepers Information gatekeepers Product champions Product champions Project managers Project managers Innovation leaders Innovation leaders Change agents Change agents