1. Copyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 1

2. Copyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 2 Working in Groups PART FOUR

3. Copyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 3 8 ChapterChapter Working in Teams Chapter Summary Characteristics of Groups and Teams Types of Groups and Teams Approaches to Working in Groups and Teams Approaches to Working in Groups and Teams Problem-Solving Communication Effective Communication in Groups and Teams Effective Communication in Groups and Teams

4. Copyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 4 Characteristics of Groups and Teams Characteristics of Groups Size Interaction Interdependence Duration Identity

5. Copyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 5 Characteristics of Groups and Teams What Makes a Group a Team? Clear and Inspiring Shared Goals Results-Driven Structure Competent Team Members Unified Commitment Continued...

6. Copyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 6 Characteristics of Groups and Teams What Makes a Group a Team? Collaborative Climate Standards for Excellence External Support and Recognition Principled Leadership

7. Copyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 7 Types of Groups and Teams Face-to-Face Teams Virtual Teams

8. Copyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 8 Approaches to Working in Groups and Teams Centralized Leadership Trait Approach Style Approach Contingency Approaches Leadership Emergence

9. Copyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 9 Approaches to Working in Groups and Teams Self-Directed Work Teams When to Use Self-Directed Teams Characteristics of Self-Directed Teams Technical or Functional Expertise Problem-Solving and Decision- Making Skills Interpersonal Skills Continued...

10. Copyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 10 Approaches to Working in Groups and Teams Self-Directed Work Teams Shared Power in Groups Position Power Coercive Power Reward Power Expert Power Referent Power Information Power Connection Power Continued...

11. Copyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 11 Approaches to Working in Groups and Teams Self-Directed Work Teams Functional Perspective Functional Roles Task Roles Relational Roles

12. Copyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 12 Problem-Solving Communication Systematic Problem Solving Define the Problem Analyze the Problem Establish Criteria for a Solution Consider Possible Solutions to the Problem Decide on a Solution Implement the Solution Follow Up on the Solution

13. Copyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 13 Problem-Solving Communication Stages in Group Problem Solving Orientation Phase Conflict Phase Emergence Phase Reinforcement Phase

14. Copyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 14 Problem-Solving Communication Stages in Group Problem Solving Figure 8-2: Cyclical Stages in an Ongoing Group

15. Copyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 15 Consensus Majority Vote Minority Decision Expert Opinion Authority Rule Choice of a Decision-Making Method Problem-Solving Communication Decision-Making Methods Continued...

16. Copyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 16 Choice of a Decision-Making Method What Type of Decision is Being Made? How Important is the Decision? How Much Time is Available? What Are the Personal Relationships Among Members? Problem-Solving Communication Decision-Making Methods

17. Copyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 17 Sometimes an individual’s goal in a group is identical to the shared goal of the group. Problem’s occur when an individual’s goal conflicts with the group. See Table 8-3: Group Process Variables Associated with Productivity Effective Communication in Groups and Teams Recognize Both Group and Personal Goals

18. Copyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 18 Enforcing Norms of the Group or Team Delaying Action Hinting About the Violation Discussing the Problem Openly Ridiculing and Deriding the Violator Rejecting or Isolating the Deviant Effective Communication in Groups and Teams Promote Desirable Norms Continued...

19. Copyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 19 Create Desirable Norms Early Comply with Established Norms Whenever Possible Effective Communication in Groups and Teams Promote Desirable Norms

20. Copyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 20 Effective Communication in Groups and Teams Shared or Compatible Goals Progress Towards Goals Shared Norms or Values Minimal Feelings of Threat Among Members Interdependence Among Members Competition from Outside the Group Shared Group Experiences Promote an Optimal Level of Cohesiveness

21. Copyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 21 Effective Communication in Groups and Teams Illusion That the Group is Invulnerable Tendency to Rationalize or Discount Negative Information Willingness to Ignore Ethical or Moral Consequences of the Group’s Decision Stereotyped Views of Other Groups Group Pressure to Conform Self-Censorship Illusion of Unanimity “Mindguards” Avoid Excessive Conformity

22. Copyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 22 Effective Communication in Groups and Teams Conduct a Warm-Up Session Generate Possible Solutions Eliminate Duplicate Ideas Evaluate Ideas Encourage Creativity