SOUTH AMERICA Map Test and Distribution, Maps available Questions about map test? Midterm Content and structure No dates; virtual field trips, yes No dates; virtual field trips, yesReview South America Overview, physiography, climate Overview, physiography, climate Inca and Spanish colonialism Inca and Spanish colonialism Culture spheres Culture spheres Economic integration Economic integration

Map Test I Grade Distribution Average = 71.4% B-

Midterm: Thursday 10 February Introduction, Europe, Russia, & Middle America. Multiple choice: 2 = 50 Definitions: 10 = 30 = minutes: Examination book and scantron Need pen and pencil Two rooms

South America: Principal Geographic Qualities Physiography: Andes mountains and the Amazon basin. Brazil: 50% Population: concentrated near the coastal periphery. Cultural pluralism Regional economic interaction is low but growing! Rapid urban growth

Physical Environment

Precipitation

The Inca Empire Culture Hearth-intermontane basin around Cuzco ( A.D.) Altiplanos were key to settlement pattern 20 million subjects at zenith  Ecuador to Chile Transportation networks: an integrated empire  Despite rugged terrain  And no wheels! Centralized state with rigid class structure

Indigenous peoples & Colonial domains Tordesillas Line Spain organized colonies into Viceroyalties

SOUTH AMERICA’S CULTURE SPHERES

Tropical-plantation Resembles Middle America’s Rimland Locations, soils, & tropical climates favor plantation crops, especially sugar. Initially relied on African slave labor

CULTURE SPHERES European-commercial The most European part of South America Includes the Pampas - temperate grasslands Productive commercial agriculture European immigration

CULTURE SPHERES Amerind-subsistence Coincides with the former Inca Empire Feudal socioeconomic structure persists Includes some of South America’s poorest areas High elevation Subsistence agriculture

CULTURE SPHERES Undifferentiated Sparsely populated Isolation and lack of change- notable features Development potential of Amazonia Last frontier?

SOUTH AMERICA’S CULTURE SPHERES Tropical-plantation European-commercial Amerind-subsistence Mestizo-transitional Undifferentiated

ECONOMIC INTEGRATION Mercosur Customs Union launched in 1995  FTA + Common external tariffs Southern cone:  Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay, & Paraguay Andean Community Initially formed in 1969 (Andean Pact) Restarted in 1995 Venezuela, Colombia, Peru, Ecuador, And Bolivia

ECONOMIC INTEGRATION (CONTINUED) Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA) Western Hemisphere FTA  NAFTA  CARICOM  CACM  Mercosur  Andean Community