Slide 1 Copyright © 2007, 2004, by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. The Human Body Chapter 4

Slide 2 Copyright © 2007, 2004, by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Case History You respond to a call and find a 25-year-old woman who has been stabbed several times in the chest and abdomen. The wounds are located on the front of the chest wall between the fourth and fifth rib on the left side, on the center of the abdomen, just below the breastbone and in the lower abdomen just above the pubic bone. There is minimal external bleeding. You respond to a call and find a 25-year-old woman who has been stabbed several times in the chest and abdomen. The wounds are located on the front of the chest wall between the fourth and fifth rib on the left side, on the center of the abdomen, just below the breastbone and in the lower abdomen just above the pubic bone. There is minimal external bleeding.

Slide 3 Copyright © 2007, 2004, by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Anatomical Terms  Superior  Inferior  Anterior (ventral)  Posterior (dorsal)  Midline  Lateral  Medial

Slide 4 Copyright © 2007, 2004, by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Slide 5 Copyright © 2007, 2004, by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Anatomical Terms  Midclavicular  Midaxillary  Proximal  Distal  Palmar  Plantar  Bilateral

Slide 6 Copyright © 2007, 2004, by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Position  Erect  Prone  Supine

Slide 7 Copyright © 2007, 2004, by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Lateral Recumbent

Slide 8 Copyright © 2007, 2004, by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Shock Position 8-12 inches

Slide 9 Copyright © 2007, 2004, by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Fowler’s

Slide 10 Copyright © 2007, 2004, by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Trendelenberg

Slide 11 Copyright © 2007, 2004, by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Movement  Abduction  Adduction

Slide 12 Copyright © 2007, 2004, by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Movement  Flexion  Extension  Hyperextension

Slide 13 Copyright © 2007, 2004, by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Movement  Medial rotation  Lateral rotation

Slide 14 Copyright © 2007, 2004, by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Organization of the Body  Cell – the fundamental unit of all living things  Tissue – cells grouped together to serve a common function  Organ – several type of tissues working together to serve a function (e.g., heart, liver, lungs)  Organ system – several organs working together to serve a complex function

Slide 15 Copyright © 2007, 2004, by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Skeletal System Function  Gives the body shape  Protects vital organs  Provides body movement

Slide 16 Copyright © 2007, 2004, by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Skeletal System

Slide 17 Copyright © 2007, 2004, by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Bones and Other Connective Tissues  Bones – a form of connective tissue  206 bones  Other forms of connective tissue  Cartilage  Ligaments  Tendons

Slide 18 Copyright © 2007, 2004, by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Skull

Slide 19 Copyright © 2007, 2004, by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Spinal Column  33 vertebrae  Cervical – 7  Thoracic – 12  Lumbar – 5  Sacral – 5  Coccygeal - 4

Slide 20 Copyright © 2007, 2004, by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Major Body Cavities  Cranial  Spinal  Thoracic  Abdominopelvic

Slide 21 Copyright © 2007, 2004, by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Major Body Cavities

Slide 22 Copyright © 2007, 2004, by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Pelvic Cavity

Slide 23 Copyright © 2007, 2004, by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Abdominal Quadrants

Slide 24 Copyright © 2007, 2004, by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Upper Extremities

Slide 25 Copyright © 2007, 2004, by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Lower Extremities

Slide 26 Copyright © 2007, 2004, by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Types of Joints

Slide 27 Copyright © 2007, 2004, by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Types of Muscle  Voluntary  Involuntary  Cardiac

Slide 28 Copyright © 2007, 2004, by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Skeletal Muscles

Slide 29 Copyright © 2007, 2004, by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Respiratory System

Slide 30 Copyright © 2007, 2004, by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Upper Respiratory Tract

Slide 31 Copyright © 2007, 2004, by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Lower Respiratory Tract

Slide 32 Copyright © 2007, 2004, by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Muscles of Respiration

Slide 33 Copyright © 2007, 2004, by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Inspiration (Active)  Diaphragm flattens, increases inferior-superior diameter of chest  External intercostals pull ribs up, increase anterior-posterior, lateral dimensions  Increase in size — more volume, less gas, decrease in pressure, air rushes in  Inspiration continues until pressure between lung and atmosphere equalizes

Slide 34 Copyright © 2007, 2004, by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Expiration (Passive)  Elastic recoil of lungs plus muscle relaxation  Chest cavity decreases in size — less volume, more gas, air rushes out to atmosphere  Expiration continues until atmosphere and chest pressure are equal

Slide 35 Copyright © 2007, 2004, by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Inspiration and Expiration

Slide 36 Copyright © 2007, 2004, by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Diffusion of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide

Slide 37 Copyright © 2007, 2004, by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Adequate Breathing  Normal rate  Adult — 12-20/minute  Child — 15-30/minute  Infant — 25-50/minute  Rhythm  Quality  Depth (tidal volume)

Slide 38 Copyright © 2007, 2004, by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Inadequate Breathing  Rate — outside of normal ranges  Rhythm — irregular  Quality  Breath sounds — diminished or absent  Chest expansion — unequal or inadequate  Increased effort of breathing

Slide 39 Copyright © 2007, 2004, by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Inadequate Breathing  Depth (tidal volume) — inadequate/shallow  Skin  Pale or cyanotic (blue)  Cool and clammy  Retractions  Nasal flaring  Seesaw breathing  Agonal respirations

Slide 40 Copyright © 2007, 2004, by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Infant and Child Anatomy Considerations  Smaller airway  Tongue is larger in relation to mouth  Trachea  Narrower  More pliable  Cricoid cartilage  Smaller and less rigid  Narrowest portion of the airway  Infants and children depend on diaphragm for breathing

Slide 41 Copyright © 2007, 2004, by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Heart and Great Vessels

Slide 42 Copyright © 2007, 2004, by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.Pericardium

Slide 43 Copyright © 2007, 2004, by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Chambers of the Heart

Slide 44 Copyright © 2007, 2004, by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Systemic and Pulmonary Circulation

Slide 45 Copyright © 2007, 2004, by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Valves of the Heart

Slide 46 Copyright © 2007, 2004, by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Arteries, Capillaries, and Veins

Slide 47 Copyright © 2007, 2004, by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Major Systemic Arteries

Slide 48 Copyright © 2007, 2004, by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Capillaries

Slide 49 Copyright © 2007, 2004, by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Major Systemic Veins

Slide 50 Copyright © 2007, 2004, by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Composition of Blood

Slide 51 Copyright © 2007, 2004, by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Inadequate Circulation  Shock (hypoperfusion)  Perfusion  Hypoperfusion

Slide 52 Copyright © 2007, 2004, by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Central and Peripheral Nervous System

Slide 53 Copyright © 2007, 2004, by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Brain

Slide 54 Copyright © 2007, 2004, by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Reflex Action

Slide 55 Copyright © 2007, 2004, by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Skin — Functions  Protect body from environment  Temperature regulation  Senses

Slide 56 Copyright © 2007, 2004, by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Structure of Skin

Slide 57 Copyright © 2007, 2004, by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Endocrine Glands

Slide 58 Copyright © 2007, 2004, by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Digestive System

Slide 59 Copyright © 2007, 2004, by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Urinary System

Slide 60 Copyright © 2007, 2004, by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Female Reproductive System

Slide 61 Copyright © 2007, 2004, by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Male Reproductive System

Slide 62 Copyright © 2007, 2004, by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Relevance of Anatomy and Physiology  Relationship of vital organs  Heart  Lung  Brain  Interdependent  Failure of one organ leads to failure of the others