1. Copyright © 2004, Mosby Inc. All rights reserved.

2. The Human Body Chapter 4 Slide 1 Copyright © 2004, Mosby Inc. All rights reserved.

3. Case History You respond to a call and find a 25-year-old woman who has been stabbed several times in the chest and abdomen. The wounds are located on the front of the chest wall between the fourth and fifth rib on the left side, on the center of the abdomen, just below the breastbone and in the lower abdomen just above the pubic bone. There is minimal external bleeding. You respond to a call and find a 25-year-old woman who has been stabbed several times in the chest and abdomen. The wounds are located on the front of the chest wall between the fourth and fifth rib on the left side, on the center of the abdomen, just below the breastbone and in the lower abdomen just above the pubic bone. There is minimal external bleeding. Slide 2 Copyright © 2004, Mosby Inc. All rights reserved.

4. Anatomical Terms SuperiorSuperior InferiorInferior Anterior (ventral)Anterior (ventral) Posterior (dorsal)Posterior (dorsal) MidlineMidline LateralLateral MedialMedial Slide 3 Copyright © 2004, Mosby Inc. All rights reserved.

5. Slide 4 Copyright © 2004, Mosby Inc. All rights reserved.

6. Anatomical Terms MidclavicularMidclavicular MidaxillaryMidaxillary ProximalProximal DistalDistal PalmarPalmar PlantarPlantar BilateralBilateral Slide 5 Copyright © 2004, Mosby Inc. All rights reserved.

7. Position ErectErect ProneProne SupineSupine Slide 6 Copyright © 2004, Mosby Inc. All rights reserved.

8. Lateral Recumbent Slide 7 Copyright © 2004, Mosby Inc. All rights reserved.

9. Shock Position 8-12 inches Slide 8 Copyright © 2004, Mosby Inc. All rights reserved.

10. Fowler’s Slide 9 Copyright © 2004, Mosby Inc. All rights reserved.

11. Trendelenberg Slide 10 Copyright © 2004, Mosby Inc. All rights reserved.

12. Movement AbductionAbduction AdductionAdduction Slide 11 Copyright © 2004, Mosby Inc. All rights reserved.

13. Movement FlexionFlexion ExtensionExtension HyperextensionHyperextension Slide 12 Copyright © 2004, Mosby Inc. All rights reserved.

14. Movement Medial rotationMedial rotation Lateral rotationLateral rotation Slide 13 Copyright © 2004, Mosby Inc. All rights reserved.

15. Organization of the Body Cell – the fundamental unit of all living thingsCell – the fundamental unit of all living things Tissue – cells grouped together to serve a common functionTissue – cells grouped together to serve a common function Organ – several type of tissues working together to serve a function (e.g., heart, liver, lungs)Organ – several type of tissues working together to serve a function (e.g., heart, liver, lungs) Organ system – several organs working together to serve a complex functionOrgan system – several organs working together to serve a complex function Slide 14 Copyright © 2004, Mosby Inc. All rights reserved.

16. Skeletal System Function Gives the body shapeGives the body shape Protects vital organsProtects vital organs Provides body movementProvides body movement Slide 15 Copyright © 2004, Mosby Inc. All rights reserved.

17. Skeletal System Slide 16 Copyright © 2004, Mosby Inc. All rights reserved.

18. Bones and Other Connective Tissues Bones – a form of connective tissueBones – a form of connective tissue  206 bones Other forms of connective tissueOther forms of connective tissue  Cartilage  Ligaments  Tendons Slide 17 Copyright © 2004, Mosby Inc. All rights reserved.

19. Skull Slide 18 Copyright © 2004, Mosby Inc. All rights reserved.

20. Spinal Column 33 vertebrae33 vertebrae  Cervical – 7  Thoracic – 12  Lumbar – 5  Sacral – 5  Coccygeal - 4 Slide 19 Copyright © 2004, Mosby Inc. All rights reserved.

21. Major Body Cavities CranialCranial SpinalSpinal ThoracicThoracic AbdominopelvicAbdominopelvic Slide 20 Copyright © 2004, Mosby Inc. All rights reserved.

22. Major Body Cavities Slide 21 Copyright © 2004, Mosby Inc. All rights reserved.

23. Pelvic Cavity Slide 22 Copyright © 2004, Mosby Inc. All rights reserved.

24. Abdominal Quadrants Slide 23 Copyright © 2004, Mosby Inc. All rights reserved.

25. Upper Extremities Slide 24 Copyright © 2004, Mosby Inc. All rights reserved.

26. Lower Extremities Slide 25 Copyright © 2004, Mosby Inc. All rights reserved.

27. Types of Joints Slide 26 Copyright © 2004, Mosby Inc. All rights reserved.

28. Types of Muscle VoluntaryVoluntary InvoluntaryInvoluntary CardiacCardiac Slide 27 Copyright © 2004, Mosby Inc. All rights reserved.

29. Skeletal Muscles Slide 28 Copyright © 2004, Mosby Inc. All rights reserved.

30. Respiratory System Slide 29 Copyright © 2004, Mosby Inc. All rights reserved.

31. Upper Respiratory Tract Slide 30 Copyright © 2004, Mosby Inc. All rights reserved.

32. Lower Respiratory Tract Slide 31 Copyright © 2004, Mosby Inc. All rights reserved.

33. Muscles of Respiration Slide 32 Copyright © 2004, Mosby Inc. All rights reserved.

34. Inspiration (Active) Diaphragm flattens, increases inferior-superior diameter of chestDiaphragm flattens, increases inferior-superior diameter of chest External intercostals pull ribs up, increase anterior- posterior, lateral dimensionsExternal intercostals pull ribs up, increase anterior- posterior, lateral dimensions Increase in size — more volume, less gas, decrease in pressure, air rushes inIncrease in size — more volume, less gas, decrease in pressure, air rushes in Inspiration continues until pressure between lung and atmosphere equalizesInspiration continues until pressure between lung and atmosphere equalizes Slide 33 Copyright © 2004, Mosby Inc. All rights reserved.

35. Expiration (Passive) Elastic recoil of lungs plus muscle relaxationElastic recoil of lungs plus muscle relaxation Chest cavity decreases in size — less volume, more gas, air rushes out to atmosphereChest cavity decreases in size — less volume, more gas, air rushes out to atmosphere Expiration continues until atmosphere and chest pressure are equalExpiration continues until atmosphere and chest pressure are equal Slide 34 Copyright © 2004, Mosby Inc. All rights reserved.

36. Inspiration and Expiration Slide 35 Copyright © 2004, Mosby Inc. All rights reserved.

37. Diffusion of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Slide 36 Copyright © 2004, Mosby Inc. All rights reserved.

38. Adequate Breathing Normal rateNormal rate  Adult — 12-20/minute  Child — 15-30/minute  Infant — 25-50/minute RhythmRhythm QualityQuality Depth (tidal volume)Depth (tidal volume) Slide 37 Copyright © 2004, Mosby Inc. All rights reserved.

39. Inadequate Breathing Rate — outside of normal rangesRate — outside of normal ranges Rhythm — irregularRhythm — irregular QualityQuality  Breath sounds — diminished or absent  Chest expansion — unequal or inadequate Increased effort of breathingIncreased effort of breathing Slide 38 Copyright © 2004, Mosby Inc. All rights reserved.

40. Inadequate Breathing Depth (tidal volume) — inadequate/shallowDepth (tidal volume) — inadequate/shallow SkinSkin  Pale or cyanotic (blue)  Cool and clammy RetractionsRetractions Nasal flaringNasal flaring Seesaw breathingSeesaw breathing Agonal respirationsAgonal respirations Slide 39 Copyright © 2004, Mosby Inc. All rights reserved.

41. Infant and Child Anatomy Considerations Smaller airwaySmaller airway Tongue is larger in relation to mouthTongue is larger in relation to mouth TracheaTrachea  Narrower  More pliable Cricoid cartilageCricoid cartilage  Smaller and less rigid  Narrowest portion of the airway Infants and children depend on diaphragm for breathingInfants and children depend on diaphragm for breathing Slide 40 Copyright © 2004, Mosby Inc. All rights reserved.

42. Heart and Great Vessels Slide 41 Copyright © 2004, Mosby Inc. All rights reserved.

43. Pericardium Slide 42 Copyright © 2004, Mosby Inc. All rights reserved.

44. Chambers of the Heart Slide 43 Copyright © 2004, Mosby Inc. All rights reserved.

45. Systemic and Pulmonary Circulation Slide 44 Copyright © 2004, Mosby Inc. All rights reserved.

46. Valves of the Heart Slide 45 Copyright © 2004, Mosby Inc. All rights reserved.

47. Arteries, Capillaries, and Veins Slide 46 Copyright © 2004, Mosby Inc. All rights reserved.

48. Major Systemic Arteries Slide 47 Copyright © 2004, Mosby Inc. All rights reserved.

49. Capillaries Slide 48 Copyright © 2004, Mosby Inc. All rights reserved.

50. Major Systemic Veins Slide 49 Copyright © 2004, Mosby Inc. All rights reserved.

51. Composition of Blood Slide 50 Copyright © 2004, Mosby Inc. All rights reserved.

52. Inadequate Circulation Shock (hypoperfusion)Shock (hypoperfusion) PerfusionPerfusion HypoperfusionHypoperfusion Slide 51 Copyright © 2004, Mosby Inc. All rights reserved.

53. Central and Peripheral Nervous System Slide 52 Copyright © 2004, Mosby Inc. All rights reserved.

54. Brain Slide 53 Copyright © 2004, Mosby Inc. All rights reserved.

55. Reflex Action Slide 54 Copyright © 2004, Mosby Inc. All rights reserved.

56. Skin — Functions Protect body from environmentProtect body from environment Temperature regulationTemperature regulation SensesSenses Slide 55 Copyright © 2004, Mosby Inc. All rights reserved.

57. Structure of Skin Slide 56 Copyright © 2004, Mosby Inc. All rights reserved.

58. Endocrine Glands Slide 57 Copyright © 2004, Mosby Inc. All rights reserved.

59. Digestive System Slide 58 Copyright © 2004, Mosby Inc. All rights reserved.

60. Urinary System Slide 59 Copyright © 2004, Mosby Inc. All rights reserved.

61. Female Reproductive System Slide 60 Copyright © 2004, Mosby Inc. All rights reserved.

62. Male Reproductive System Slide 61 Copyright © 2004, Mosby Inc. All rights reserved.

63. Relevance of Anatomy and Physiology Relationship of vital organsRelationship of vital organs  Heart  Lung  Brain InterdependentInterdependent Failure of one organ leads to failure of the othersFailure of one organ leads to failure of the others Slide 62 Copyright © 2004, Mosby Inc. All rights reserved.