Chemical/physical Remediation Technologies Kara Reed Kirstyn White
Thermal De-sorption Physical separation process designed to volatilize water and organic contaminants Not designed to destroy organics Three types: Direct fired Indirect fired Indirect heated
High or low-temp thermal de-sorption Offgas is collected and either: Incinerated in afterburner Collected on activated charcoal Recovered in condensation equipment
Benefits Direct fired: –Kiln temp much lower than that of incinerator –Lighter for transport, less setup & maintenance Indirect fired: –W/ offgas condensing system, no limitation on metals remediated Drawbacks: Specific particle size requirements De-watering may be needed to reduce moisture Highly abrasive contaminants damage processor unit
Soil Flushing In-situ Co-solvent solution Breaks down contaminants Dissolved contaminants leach into groundwater; Collected with extraction wells and treated Useful for: heavy metals, halogenated solvents, aromatics, gasoline, fuels, PCBs
Benefits: Transportable Low cost Closed system (unaffected by external conditions) Drawbacks: Leaves co-solvent residuals in soil Not applicable to low-permeability soils
Composting Ex-situ Microorganisms break down explosives Converts them into harmless by-products Provide microorganisms with nutrients Carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium Some additives: manure & potato wastes
Benefits: No harmful by-products Costs less than excavation & incineration Can sell humus-rich soil for $10/ton Will enhance region if soil replaced Drawbacks: Process may take extended period of time Must remove soil, potentially disturbing biota and wildlife Must test for optimal mixture of contaminated soil and additives
Enhanced Bioremediation In-situ Stimulating microorganisms present in soil Circulating water-based solutions through soil Aerobic or anaerobic microroganisms
Benefits: Soil can remain in place No harmful by-products Cost-effective Drawbacks: Slows at lower temperatures May take years to degrade Not applicable to highly heterogeneous subsurface environments (i.E. Clay)
Other Remediation Alternatives Lists best and worst alternatives