1. A treatment process that uses microorganisms (yeast, fungi, or bacteria) to break down, or degrade, hazardous substances into less toxic or nontoxic substances (carbon dioxide and water )

14. Conditions that favor Bioremediation Temperature favorable for organisms Water available (near field capacity) Nutrients (N, P, K) in adequate supply C:N ratio of material < 30:1 Material added is similar to naturally occurring organic material Oxygen in sufficient quantity

16. In-situ-Bioremediation Biostimulation (stimulates biological activity) Bioventing (Inject air/nutrients into unsaturated zone – good for midweight petroleum, jet fuel) Biosparging (Inject air/nutrients into unsaturated and saturated zones) Bioaugmentation (inoculates soil with microbes)

17. Less expensive Creates less dust Less possibility of contaminant release into environment Good for large volumes Slower Doesn’t work well in clays or highly layered subsurfaces

18. Ex-situ -Bioremediation  Slurry-phase  Soil combined with water/additives in tank, microorganisms, nutrients, oxygen added  Solid-phase  Land-farming: soil put on pad, leachate collected  Soil biopiles: soil heaped, air added  Composting: biodegradable waste mixed with bulking agent  Land Applied – waste added directly to soil which is later planted to a crop. Easier to control Used to treat wider range of contaminants and soil types Costly Faster

19. Microbial reduction has effectively been used to precipitate uranium from solution using defined conditions in which the U(VI) was present in the form of U(VI)-carbonate complex. Both G. metallireducens and Desulfovibrio desulfuricans rapidly converted high concentrations (1mM) of U(VI) to U(IV) within several hours. The precipitate was all extracellular as uranite (UO 2 ). The uranite readily settled to the bottom of the incubation vessel or could be removed with filtration

20. . Alternatively, the organisms could be maintained separately in a dialysis sac. The U(VI) diffused into the sac, it got reduced by the organisms, forming a precipitate at the bottom of the sac Successful remediation has also been done on contaminated soils on location using D. desulfuricans D. vulgaris uses the c3 cytochrome as the reductase, so the possibility of using cell-free fixed enzyme systems and/or engineered organisms with enhanced U(VI) reducing capacity for the treatment

21. Many bacterial genera are able to reduce Se(VI) and Se(IV) to Se(0) but only a few are able to carry this out to conserve energy to support growth B. megaterium Thiobacillus Fungi

22. Diagram of mercuric ion resistance in Gram-negative bacteria, showing the three transport systems, MerPT, MerC and MerF