Clean Cities / 1 Alternative Fuels Overview COALITION NAME Name Contact Information Date 1

Clean Cities / 2 U.S. Energy Consumption Source: Annual Energy Outlook Energy Information Administration.

Clean Cities / 3 U.S. Petroleum Trends Source: Annual Energy Outlook Energy Information Administration.

Clean Cities / 4 U.S. Petroleum Trends Source: Annual Energy Outlook Energy Information Administration.

Clean Cities / 5 U.S. Petroleum Trends Source: Annual Energy Outlook Energy Information Administration.

Clean Cities / 6 Petroleum Displacement Strategies  Replace petroleum with alternative fuels and low-level blends.  Reduce by promoting energy efficiency in vehicles through advanced technologies and more fuel efficient vehicles.  Eliminate by promoting idle reduction, greater use of mass transit, trip elimination, and other congestion mitigation approaches.

Clean Cities / 7 Alternative Fuels Biodiesel (B100, B20) Electricity Ethanol (E85) Hydrogen Methanol Natural gas Propane P-Series Blended Fuels Biodiesel/diesel blends (B2, B5) Ethanol/gasoline blends (E10) Hydrogen/natural gas blends (HCNG) Clean Cities Alternative Fuels Portfolio

Clean Cities / 8 Produced from renewable sources such as new and used vegetable oils and animal fats. Physical properties are similar to petroleum diesel. Higher flashpoint makes it safer to handle, store, and transport. Biodiesel Properties

Clean Cities / 9 Nontoxic and biodegradable Reduction of unburned hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide and particulate matter Greenhouse gas and air quality benefits More lubricity than petroleum diesel Positive energy balance Cold weather starting and storage issues 8% less energy per gallon than petroleum diesel Biodiesel Considerations

Clean Cities / 10 B20 is the most common blend in U.S. Used in all unmodified diesel engines. Has similar payload capacity, range, horsepower, and torque as diesel. Used to fuel compression-ignition (diesel) engines. Promises rural and urban microeconomic benefits. Biodiesel Use Biodiesel Truck

Clean Cities / 11 An electric vehicle (EV) stores electricity in an energy storage device. Electric motor powers wheels. Must be replenished by plugging into an electrical source or using an onboard charger. Electricity can be generated by (or produced from) coal, natural gas, nuclear, wind, and other renewables. Electricity Properties

Clean Cities / 12 No tailpipe emissions Range of miles Fueling costs reasonable compared with gasoline, especially off-peak rates Electricity costs vary depending on location, type of generation, and time of use Vehicles with DC electric systems = 0.4 kilowatt-hours (kWh) per mile Vehicles with AC systems = to kWh per mile Energy storage capacity limited Electricity Considerations

Clean Cities / 13 Two types: EVs and HEVs, both use batteries. Hybrids use an electric motor or a combination of a gasoline engine and electric motor. Electricity sources for battery recharging include electrical outlet, gasoline engine onboard vehicle, regenerative braking. Hybrids use batteries to store electricity produced by regenerative braking and the onboard generator. Electricity Use Hybrid Electric Vehicle

Clean Cities / 14 Clear, colorless liquid Alcohol-based fuel produced from starch crops or cellulosic biomass Corn is primary feedstock High-octane fuel As an alternative fuel, most commonly used as E85 (85% ethanol, 15% gasoline) Ethanol Properties

Clean Cities / 15 Biofuels could replace 30% or more of U.S. gasoline demand by Corn-based ethanol production and use reduces GHG emissions by up to 52% compared with gasoline (cellulosic by 86%). Refueling infrastructure not in place in all areas. There is a high level of fuel pricing volatility. Corn-based ethanol has 27%-36% less energy content than gasoline. Ethanol industry creates jobs and helps the economy. Ethanol Considerations

Clean Cities / 16 Production of corn-based ethanol has grown sharply since the early 1980s. Corn-based ethanol is approaching “blend wall” of 15 billion gallons. Less than 10% of the U.S. field corn crop is used in corn-based foods. Despite the wider use of U.S. agricultural feedstocks for renewable fuels, USDA estimates only a modest increase in household food costs. As a result of the RFS-2, annual wholesale U.S. food costs are estimated to increase by $7. Ethanol Considerations

Clean Cities / 17 The weighted average energy ratio is Ethanol Considerations Ethanol has a positive energy balance. Corn yield is a critical part of the net energy balance estimation. Ethanol production facilities include both dry- and wet-milling operations. Energy ratio is 1.57 for wet-milling, 1.77 for dry-milling.

Clean Cities / 18 Nearly half of U.S. gasoline contains ethanol as E10. E85 is used in light-duty flexible fuel vehicles (FFVs). FFVs can use 100% unleaded gasoline or any ethanol blend. FFVs have a 25% reduction in ozone- forming emissions compared with gasoline. FFV power, acceleration, payload, and cruising speed are comparable whether running on ethanol or gasoline. Consumer interest in converting existing gasoline vehicles to operate on ethanol. Ethanol Use Flexible Fuel Vehicle

Clean Cities / 19 Ethanol Use Source: Alternative Fuels and Advanced Vehicles Data Center

Clean Cities / 20 Hydrogen exists in water, hydrocarbons (such as methane), and organic matter. The energy in 2.2 lb of hydrogen gas is about the same as the energy in 1 gallon of gasoline. Steam reforming of methane (natural gas) accounts for about 95% of the hydrogen produced in the U.S. ~9 million tons of hydrogen is produced in the U.S. each year. Most is used for refining petroleum, treating metals, producing fertilizer, and processing foods. Hydrogen Properties

Clean Cities / 21 Pure hydrogen contains no carbon thus burns to form water with no CO 2 or CO emissions. Fuel-cell vehicle’s have the potential to be 2 to 3 times more efficient than gasoline vehicles. Fuel cells use a direct electrochemical reaction to produce electricity on board the vehicle. A light-duty vehicle must store lbs. of hydrogen to drive about 300 miles. Hydrogen Considerations

Clean Cities / 22 Currently used in modified internal combustion engines. Honda FCX is the only commercially- available vehicle. Several OEMs have pre-production light-duty vehicles in demonstration projects. Hydrogen can be blended with natural gas to create a fuel for natural gas vehicles. Hydrogen Use Hydrogen Fuel-Cell Vehicle

Clean Cities / 23 Mixture of hydrocarbons, predominantly methane (CH 4 ) High octane rating Nontoxic, noncorrosive, and noncarcinogenic Not a threat to soil, surface water, or groundwater Compressed natural gas (CNG) and liquefied natural gas (LNG) Lower ozone-forming emissions then gasoline From gas and oil wells Natural Gas Properties

Clean Cities / 24 Natural gas (NG) is a domestically available, clean-burning fuel. Additional safety modification for facilities is required by NEC and NFPA. NG vehicles cost more because of tank configuration. A CNG-powered vehicle gets about the same fuel economy as a gasoline vehicle. To store more energy in a smaller volume, natural gas can be liquefied (LNG). LNG occupies only 1/600 the volume of natural gas (vapor) form. Natural Gas Considerations

Clean Cities / 25 There are two types of natural gas vehicles: bifuel and dedicated. There is widespread natural gas distribution and refueling infrastructure. CNG refueling stations are either slow-fill or fast-fill. CNG can be used in light-, medium-, and heavy-duty vehicles. LNG fuel systems are used with heavy-duty vehicles and locomotives. Natural Gas Use CNG Vehicle

Clean Cities / 26 By-product of natural gas processing and crude oil refining Known as liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) High octane 33%-41% less energy content per gallon than gasoline 60% reduction in ozone-forming emissions compared with gasoline Propane Properties

Clean Cities / 27 Nontoxic and no threat to soil, surface water, or groundwater High energy density = good driving range Stored onboard a vehicle in a tank pressurized to around 300 psi Range vs. payload reduction issue caused by larger fuel tanks A gallon of propane about 25% less energy than a gallon of gasoline Liquid Propane Injection engines— higher fuel efficiency Widespread infrastructure Propane Considerations

Clean Cities / 28 Propane is the most used alternative transportation fuel in the U.S. and the world. Used in light- and medium-duty vehicles, heavy-duty trucks, and buses. Many propane vehicles are converted gasoline vehicles. Popular choice for nonroad vehicles such as forklifts and agricultural and construction vehicles. Propane Use Propane Bus

Clean Cities / 29 Alternative Fuel Prices Source: Clean Cities Alternative Fuels Price Report, April 2009

Clean Cities / 30 Alternative Fuel Prices Source: Clean Cities Alternative Fuels Price Report, April 2009

Clean Cities / 31 Consumption of Alternative Fuels

Clean Cities / 32 Clean Cities Contact Information Clean Cities Web site Alternative Fuels & Advanced Vehicles Data Center Web site Clean Cities Coordinator Contact Information and Coalition Web sites