History of Project Management Farrokh Alemi, Ph.D. Lee Baliton Chris Smith This is a lecture on history of project management in the course on Project Management. This lecture was organized by Professor Farrokh Alemi, Lee Baliton and Chris Smith. This presentation is being narrated by Chris Smith.

Ancient History Examples: Exceptional planning Coordination Allocation The Great Pyramids of Giza (2,550 B.C.) The Great Wall of China (221 B.C. - 206 B.C.) Exceptional planning Coordination Allocation Hundreds of thousands of workers Paid and Slave labor. If we define project management to be the situation where a group of people and resources that have been assembled and organized to achieve specific one-time objectives, then project management has been around for quite some time. Examples of one time projects requiring complicated management systems includes ancient wonders such as the great Egyptian pyramids and the Great Wall of China.

Ancient History Examples of ancient projects: The Great Pyramids of Giza (2,550 B.C.) and the Great Wall of China (221 B.C. - 206 B.C.) Exceptional planning Coordination Allocation Hundreds of thousands of workers Paid and Slave labor. These ancient projects have required exceptional planning,

Ancient History Examples of ancient projects: The Great Pyramids of Giza (2,550 B.C.) and the Great Wall of China (221 B.C. - 206 B.C.) Exceptional planning Coordination Allocation Hundreds of thousands of workers Paid and Slave labor. coordination of human labor,

Ancient History Examples of ancient projects: The Great Pyramids of Giza (2,550 B.C.) and the Great Wall of China (221 B.C. - 206 B.C.) Exceptional planning Coordination Allocation Hundreds of thousands of workers Paid and Slave labor. and allocation of resources

Ancient History Examples of ancient projects: The Great Pyramids of Giza (2,550 B.C.) and the Great Wall of China (221 B.C. - 206 B.C.) Exceptional planning Coordination Allocation Hundreds of thousands of workers Paid and Slave labor. Both buildings were built using labor from hundreds of thousands of workers, both paid and slave labor.

Similar basic elements of project management: Ancient History Similar basic elements of project management: Managing resources Maintaining a schedule Coordinating different groups All are used in today’s modern project management practice No evidence that they used optimal scheduling Management of the construction of the Great Pyramids and the Great Wall of China has the basic elements of project management

Similar basic elements of project management: Ancient History Similar basic elements of project management: Managing resources Maintaining a schedule Coordinating different groups All are used in today’s modern project management practice No evidence that they used optimal scheduling managing resources (people and money);

Similar basic elements of project management: Ancient History Similar basic elements of project management: Managing resources Maintaining a schedule Coordinating different groups All are used in today’s modern project management practice No evidence that they used optimal scheduling maintaining a schedule;

Similar basic elements of project management: Ancient History Similar basic elements of project management: Managing resources Maintaining a schedule Coordinating different groups All are used in today’s modern project management practice No evidence that they used optimal scheduling and coordinating different groups to properly synchronize the technical and functional aspects of each element of the project.

Similar basic elements of project management: Ancient History Similar basic elements of project management: Managing resources Maintaining a schedule Coordinating different groups All are used in today’s modern project management practice No evidence that they used optimal scheduling All of these elements are used in today’s modern project management practices.

Similar basic elements of project management: Ancient History Similar basic elements of project management: Managing resources Maintaining a schedule Coordinating different groups All are used in today’s modern project management practice No evidence that they used optimal scheduling But there is no evidence that these projects used optimal scheduling of activities

Similar basic elements of project management: Ancient History Similar basic elements of project management: Managing resources Maintaining a schedule Coordinating different groups All are used in today’s modern project management practice No evidence that they used optimal scheduling Project Management was not really the same But there is no evidence that these projects used optimal scheduling of activities

The Early Years: Late 19th Century PM emerged in the growing complexity of commerce Seen in transportation, to manufacturing Large scale projects caused large scale management decisions. Example is the 1862 Transcontinental Railroad In the 19th Century, project management emerged as an important activity when commerce grew and became more complex.

The Early Years: Late 19th Century PM emerged in the growing complexity of commerce Seen in transportation, to manufacturing Large scale projects Example is the 1862 Transcontinental Railroad Large scale government projects led to large scale project managements.

The Early Years: Late 19th Century PM emerged in the growing complexity of commerce Seen in transportation, to manufacturing Large scale projects Example is the 1862 Transcontinental Railroad An example of this is the Transcontinental Railroad of the 1862

The Early Years: Transcontinental Railroad First large scale project management Officially started after President Lincoln signed the Pacific Railroad Act Authorized to build a railway and a telegraph line Granted funding and land Union Pacific to build west from Omaha, NE; Central Pacific east from Sacramento, CA The Transcontinental Railroad is considered to be one of the first organized government project that required large scale project management.

The Early Years: Transcontinental Railroad The Transcontinental Railroad considered first large scale project management President Lincoln signed the Pacific Railroad Act Authorized to build a railway and a telegraph line Granted funding and land Union Pacific to build west from Omaha, NE; Central Pacific east from Sacramento, CA The project had its official start when President Lincoln signed the Pacific Railroad Act which granted an official charter for the project.

The Early Years: Transcontinental Railroad The Transcontinental Railroad considered first large scale project management President Lincoln signed the Pacific Railroad Act Railway Telegraph line Granted funding and land Union Pacific to build west from Omaha, NE; Central Pacific east from Sacramento, CA This charter authorized the Union Pacific and the Central Pacific to build a railway and a telegraph line.

The Early Years: Transcontinental Railroad The Transcontinental Railroad considered first large scale project management Officially started after President Lincoln signed the Pacific Railroad Act Authorized to build a railway and a telegraph line Granted funding and land Union Pacific to build west from Omaha, NE; Central Pacific east from Sacramento, CA The act granted funding and land to both railroad companies.

The Early Years: Transcontinental Railroad The Transcontinental Railroad considered first large scale project management Officially started after President Lincoln signed the Pacific Railroad Act Authorized to build a railway and a telegraph line Granted funding and land Union Pacific Central Pacific The Union Pacific was commissioned to build west from Omaha, Nebraska and the Central Pacific east from Sacramento, California.

The Early Years: Transcontinental Railroad The following is an example of Theodore D. Judah’s, railroad pioneer’s, project plan for the Transcontinental Railroad. Source: Wikipedia: Theodore Judah http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Judah

The Early Years: Late 19th Century Mid-19th century business leaders faced with task of organizing labor in manufacturing and assembly During the mid-19th century, the US economic boom, business leaders of the American industrial revolution found themselves faced with the daunting task of organizing the manual labor of thousands of workers and the manufacturing and assembly of unprecedented quantities of raw material.

The Early Years: Late 19th Century Mid-19th century business leaders faced with task of organizing labor in manufacturing and assembly Coffee break before and now During the mid-19th century, the US economic boom, business leaders of the American industrial revolution found themselves faced with the daunting task of organizing the manual labor of thousands of workers and the manufacturing and assembly of unprecedented quantities of raw material.

Modern Project Management 1900-1950 – Henry Gantt Construction Engineering Defense Henry Gantt forefather of project management Known for planning and control techniques “Gantt” chart keeps track of project schedule. In the early 20th century, modern project management came about from different areas of application such as construction, engineering, and defense.

Modern Project Management 1900-1950 – Henry Gantt Modern project management came from construction, engineering, and defense Henry Gantt forefather of project management Known for planning and control techniques “Gantt” chart keeps track of project schedule. The forefather of project management in the US is Henry Gantt. Source Gantt Charts at http://www.ganttchart.com/Evolution.html

Modern Project Management 1900-1950 – Henry Gantt Modern project management came from construction, engineering, and defense Henry Gantt forefather of project management Known for planning and control techniques “Gantt” chart keeps track of project schedule. He is known as the father of planning and control techniques. Source Gantt Charts at http://www.ganttchart.com/Evolution.html

Modern Project Management 1900-1950 – Gantt chart Here is an example of the original “Gantt” chart showing tasks done over various months Source Gantt Charts at http://www.ganttchart.com/Evolution.html

Modern Project Management 1900-1950 – Gantt chart In these early charts, progress was shown by filling in the bars. Source Gantt Charts at http://www.ganttchart.com/Evolution.html

Modern Project Management 1900-1950 – Gantt chart Around this time, Gantt charts might have also shown milestones for completion of various tasks as triangles Source Gantt Charts at http://www.ganttchart.com/Evolution.html

Modern Project Management 1900-1950 – Gantt chart More modern Gantt charts combine milestones, bars and color in the same chart to indicate progress towards project completion. Source Gantt Charts at http://www.ganttchart.com/Evolution.html

Modern Project Management 1900-1950 – Frederic Taylor Work breakdown Piecemeal work Another prominent figure in modern project management is Frederick Winslow Taylor's Source: Fredrick Taylor entry in Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Winslow_Taylor

Modern Project Management 1900-1950 – Frederic Taylor Taylor, an associate of Henry Gantt, developed scientific theories of management. He studied certain production elements and how each task can be made efficient through the use of fine tuning techniques. Source: Fredrick Taylor entry in Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Winslow_Taylor

Modern Project Management 1950 and beyond Pre-1950’s ad-hoc project management Gantt charts and other informal techniques were used Early 1950’s modern project management Before and during World War II, businesses used an ad-hoc approach to project management.

Modern Project Management 1950 and beyond Pre-1950’s ad-hoc project management Gantt charts and other informal techniques were used Early 1950’s modern project management Gantt charts and other informal techniques were used to guide project schedules and resources.

Modern Project Management 1950 and beyond Pre-1950’s ad-hoc project management Gantt charts and other informal techniques were used Early 1950’s modern project management The early 1950’s saw the beginning of modern project management.

Modern Project Management 1950 and beyond - PERT Two mathematical scheduling methods “Program Evaluation Review Technique” or PERT Analyzes the tasks Identifies minimum amount of time Mathematical scheduling methods were developed.

Modern Project Management 1950 and beyond - PERT Two mathematical scheduling methods “Program Evaluation Review Technique” or PERT Analyzes the tasks Identifies minimum amount of time Edwin Booz The “Program Evaluation Review Technique” or PERT was developed by Booz Allen Hamilton as part of the US Navy’s Polaris missile submarine program. Source: The Story of Consulting: 1920-1939 http://www.agcon.com/HTML/site_content/page_episode_2_en.html

Modern Project Management 1950 and beyond - PERT Two mathematical scheduling methods “Program Evaluation Review Technique” or PERT Analyzes the tasks Identifies minimum amount of time Edwin Booz The “Program Evaluation Review Technique” or PERT was developed by Booz Allen Hamilton as part of the US Navy’s Polaris missile submarine program. Source: The Story of Consulting: 1920-1939 http://www.agcon.com/HTML/site_content/page_episode_2_en.html

Modern Project Management 1950 and beyond - PERT This is an example of a PERT chart. This is a chart of a seven month project with five milestones connected by six activities. In this chart activies are shown with letters A through F. The length of each activity is also given on the arc connecting the milestones. The milestones are marked as numbers 10 through 50. The project start is 10 and project end is 50. This type of chart is called activity on arcs chart. Other types of charts can also be drawn to show activities inside nodes. Source: Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Image%3APert_chart_colored.gif

Modern Project Management 1950 and beyond - PERT This is an example of a PERT chart. This is a chart of a seven month project with five milestones connected by six activities. In this chart activies are shown with letters A through F. The length of each activity is also given on the arc connecting the milestones. The milestones are marked as numbers 10 through 50. The project start is 10 and project end is 50. This type of chart is called activity on arcs chart. Other types of charts can also be drawn to show activities inside nodes. Source: Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Image%3APert_chart_colored.gif

Modern Project Management 1950 and beyond - CPM The “Critical Path Method” developed for plant maintenance projects Algorithm for scheduling project activities. A CPM diagram based on the following project elements: List of all activities required for project Length of time for each activity Dependencies between the activities. The “Critical Path Method” or CPM was developed by jointly by both DuPont Corporation and Remington Rand Corporation for managing plant maintenance projects.

Modern Project Management 1950 and beyond - CPM The “Critical Path Method” developed for plant maintenance projects Algorithm for scheduling project activities. A CPM diagram based on the following project elements: List of all activities required for project Length of time for each activity Dependencies between the activities. The CPM, or critical path analysis, is a mathematically based algorithm for scheduling a set of project activities.

Modern Project Management 1950 and beyond - CPM The “Critical Path Method” developed for plant maintenance projects Algorithm for scheduling project activities. CPM diagram List of all activities required for project Length of time for each activity Dependencies between the activities. A CPM diagram is built based on the following project elements:

Modern Project Management 1950 and beyond - CPM The “Critical Path Method” developed for plant maintenance projects Algorithm for scheduling project activities. CPM diagram List of all activities required for project Length of time for each activity Dependencies between the activities. A list of all activities required to complete the project (also known as Work Breakdown Structure or WBS),

Modern Project Management 1950 and beyond - CPM The “Critical Path Method” developed for plant maintenance projects Algorithm for scheduling project activities. CPM diagram List of all activities required for project Length of time for each activity Dependencies among the activities The length of time that each activity will take to complete, and

Modern Project Management 1950 and beyond - CPM The “Critical Path Method” developed for plant maintenance projects Algorithm for scheduling project activities. A CPM diagram based on the following project elements: List of all activities required for project Length of time for each activity Dependencies among the activities The dependencies between the activities.

Modern Project Management 1950 and beyond - CPM CPM diagram of a construction project

Modern Project Management 1950 and beyond - CPM The blue arrows are tasks that consume resources The blue arrows are tasks that consume resources

Modern Project Management 1950 and beyond - CPM The blue arrows also have the time required to complete each task The blue arrows also have the time required to complete each task

Modern Project Management 1950 and beyond - CPM indicates the sequence The dashed arrow for each activity. The dashed arrow indicates the sequence for each activity.

Modern Project Management 1950 and beyond - CPM In this example, the roofline must first be fitted before the roof timbers can be fitted. In this example, the roofline must first be fitted before the roof timbers can be fitted.

Modern Project Management 1950 and beyond - CPM Green for beginning The circles’ colors indicate the beginning which is green

Modern Project Management 1950 and beyond - CPM Yellow for activities Yellow for activities

Modern Project Management 1950 and beyond - CPM Red for end of the project and red for the end of the project.

Modern Project Management 1950 and beyond - CPM Critical Path Method allowed the selection of a path that would minimize the time to end of the project. This allowed project managers, for the first time, to optimize the sequence of scheduling project tasks Critical Path Method allowed the selection of a path that would minimize the time to end of the project. This allowed project managers, for the first time, to optimize the sequence of scheduling project tasks

Modern Project Management 1950 and beyond - CPM A lot of misunderstanding Critical Path Method allowed the selection of a path that would minimize the time to end of the project. This allowed project managers, for the first time, to optimize the sequence of scheduling project tasks

This lecture continues in a separate set of slides Part two of this lecture focuses on recent history of project management This lecture continues in a separate set of slides . Part two of this lecture focuses on recent history of project management