1. Scheduling

2. Things to learn...
Precedence analysis
Gantt Charts
PERT / CPA

3. Why activity planning?? Activity Planning will help to:
Ensure that the appropriate resources will be available precisely when required
Produce a detailed schedule showing which staff carry out each activity
Produce a detailed plan against which actual achievement may be measured
Produce a timed forecast

4. Precedence analysis
Decides what activities must be carried out before particular activity can start.
Must be done before an activity plan can be produced.

5. Gantt Charts Developed by Henry Gantt, around 1917.
Gantt charts are easy to use and produce.
They are very useful for use on less complex projects.
Commonly used due to there simplicity.
Gantt charts are easily understood and easy to read.

6. Gantt Charts

7. Gantt Charts Draw the following Gantt chart Tasks Precedence Time
a days
b days
c a 6 days
d b 2 days
e b 5 days
f c,d 8 days
Get students to draw the Gantt chart.

8. Gantt Charts

9. Network planning models
PERT
The Program Evaluation and Review Technique
Developed by:
US Navy with
BOOZ-Allen Hamilton and
Lockheed Corporation for the
Mainly use for R&D projects

10. Network planning models
CPM
Critical Path Method
Also known as CPA
Critical Path Analysis
Developed by
DuPont Inc in the
Late fifties early sixties(1958) to facilitate
Developed for use in construction projects

11. Network planning models
A simple on arrow network model 1 2 3 4 5
Start
End a b c d e f g h

12. Terminology Activity Event
A specific task, uses resources takes time to complete
Event
The result of completing an activity
Events use no resources

13. Terminology
Network - The combination of all activities and events define the project and the activity precedence relationships
Path - The series of connected activities (or intermediate events) between any two events in a network
Critical - Activities, events, or paths which, if delayed, will delay the completion of the project. A project’s critical path is understood to mean that sequence of critical activities that connect the project’s start event to its finish event

14. The framework of PERT and CPM
For proceeding with PERT/CPM following common six points have to be followed:
Define the project with significant activities or tasks
Develop relationship among the activities
Draw network connecting all activities
Assign time and/or cost estimates to each activity
Compute the critical path

15. The Language of PERT/CPM concluded
An activity can be in any of these conditions:
It may have a successor(s) but no predecessor(s) - starts a network
It may have a predecessor(s) but no successor(s) - ends a network
It may have both predecessor(s) and successor(s) - in the middle of a network

16. Building the Network
AON Network
AOA Network

17. Drawing Networks
Activity-on-Arrow (AOA) networks use arrows to represent activities while nodes stand for events
Activity-on-Node (AON) networks use nodes to represent activities with arrows to show precedence relationships
The choice between AOA and AON representation is largely a matter of personal preference.
AON is Often preferred by project managers

18. Network syntax AOA Time moves from left to right
Nodes are numbered sequentially
A network may not contain loops
Precedents are the immediate preceding activities
Dummy activities can be used to indicate a particular precedence

19. Network syntax Time moves from left to right
Nodes are numbered sequentially 1 2 3 a b

20. Network syntax A network may not contain loops 1 2 3 4
This is not allowed a b c d

21. Network syntax Precedents are the immediate preceding activities 1 2 3
Design
Build 4
Commission

22. Network syntax
Dummy activities can be used to indicate a particular precedence 1 2 3
Wrong 4
Right a b c

23. A Sample Set of Project Activities and Precedences

24. Precedence Networks Precedence network also known as Activity on Node
Becoming more common as it is used by many project planning software packages
Often preferred by project managers

25. Precedence Networks Syntax the same as for On Arrow networks
Except there are no dummy activities
Precedence networks must start with a start node and end with a end node

26. Stage 1 of a Sample AON Network

27. Stage 2 of a Sample AON Network

28. A Completed Sample AON Network

29. Stage 1 of a Sample AOA Network

30. Stage 2 of a Sample AOA Network

31. A Completed Sample AOA Network

32. A Completed Sample AOA Network Showing the Use of a Dummy Task

33. On Arrow Networks Draw the following as an on arrow network
Tasks Precedence Time
a days
b days
c a 6 days
d b 2 days
e b 5 days
f c,d 8 days

34. On Arrow Networks
How to start ….. 1 2 3
start a b

35. On Arrow Networks
What not to do 1 2 3
start a b 4 5 6 c d e

36. On Arrow Networks
A better way …… 1 2 3
start a b c d e

37. On Arrow Networks
It is then less confusing that c & d go to the same event … but what about e & f ? 1 2 3
start a b 4 5 6 c d e f

38. On Arrow Networks The completed on arrow network …. 1 2 3 start a b 45 c d e f
end

39. On Arrow Networks Another on arrow network to draw
Tasks Precedence Time
a weeks
b weeks
c a 3 weeks
d b 4 weeks
e b 3 weeks
f weeks
g e,f 3 weeks
h c,d 2 weeks

40. On Arrow Networks The network with activity times added 1 3 4 6 2 5
B=4
D=4
F=10
E=3
G=3
H=2

41. Precedence Networks Draw the following as an Precedence network
Tasks Precedence Time
a days
b days
c a 6 days
d b 2 days
e b 5 days
f c,d 8 days

42. Activity list for the Project
Activity Description Immediate
Predecessors
A R&D product design -
B Plan market research -
C Routing (manufacturing engineering) A
D Build prototype model A
E Prepare marketing brochure A
F Cost estimates (industrial engineering) C
G Preliminary product testing D
H Market survey B, E
I Pricing and forecast report H
J Final report F, G, I

43. 2 5 7 1 4 8 3 6 Routing (C) Product Design (A) Market Research Plan
(B)
Prototype
(D)
Marketing
Brochure
(E)
Cost
Estimates
(F)
Testing
(G)
Survey
(H)
Pricing
and
Forecast
(I)
Final
Report
(J)
COMPLETION
Activity list for the Project
Activity Description Immediate
Predecessors
A R&D product design -
B Plan market research -
C Routing (manufacturing engineering) A
D Build prototype model A
E Prepare marketing brochure A
F Cost estimates (industrial engineering) C
G Preliminary product testing D
H Market survey B, E
I Pricing and forecast report H
J Final report F, G, I

44. Exercise 1 Tasks Precedence Time a - 6 weeks b - 4 weeks c - 3 weeks
d a 4 weeks
e b 3 weeks
f b 2 weeks
g c 3 weeks
h d,e 2 weeks
i f 1 week
j g,i 2 weeks

45. Exercise 2 Tasks Precedence Time a - 3 weeks b - 5 weeks c a 7 weeks
d b 5 weeks
e c, d 6 weeks
f b 4 weeks
g b 8 weeks
h c, d 4 weeks
i e, f 3 weeks

46. Exercise 3 Tasks Precedence Time a - 2 weeks b - 4 weeks c - 3 weeks
d a 3 weeks
e a 5 weeks
f c 6 weeks
g c 4 weeks
h d 4 weeks
i d 8 week
j b, e, f, i 2 weeks
k weeks
l g, k 3 weeks

47. Exercise 4 Tasks Precedence Time a - 3 weeks b a 5 weeks c a 3 weeks
d c 1 weeks
e b 3 weeks
f b, d 4 weeks
g c 2 weeks
h g, f 3 weeks
i e, h 1 weeks

48. Exercise 5 Tasks Precedence Time a - 3 weeks b - 5 weeks c a 14 weeks
d a 5 weeks
e b 4 weeks
f b 7 weeks
g d, e 8 weeks
h g, f 5 weeks

49. Exercise 6 Another on precedence network to draw Tasks Precedence Time
a weeks
b weeks
c a 3 weeks
d b 4 weeks
e b 3 weeks
f weeks
g e,f 3 weeks
h c,d 2 weeks