1. Contribution of Henry Gantt
Monaz Parekh

2. Introduction
Henry Gantt ( ) was born into a family of prosperous farmers in Maryland in 1861.
He graduated from Johns Hopkins College and was a teacher before becoming a draughtsman in 1884 and qualifying as a mechanical engineer.
From 1887 to 1893 he worked at the Midvale Steel Company in Philadelphia, where he became Assistant to the Chief Engineer (FW Taylor) and then Superintendent of the Casting Department.
Gantt and Taylor worked well in their early years together and Gantt followed Taylor to Simonds Rolling Company and on to Bethlehem Steel.
In 1917 he accepted a government commission to contribute to the war effort in the Frankford Arsenal and for the Emergency Fleet Corporation

3. Gantt's contribution Gantt's Task and Bonus wage system
Introduced in 1901 as a differential of Piece Wage System
Employee received a bonus in addition to his regular day rate if he accomplished the task for the day
Enabled workers to earn a living while learning to increase their efficiency, production often more than doubled

4. Gantt’s Contribution 2. The perspective of the worker and supervisor
Gantt was interested in an aspect of industrial education which he called the 'habits of industry' - habits of industriousness and co-operation, doing work to the best of one's ability, and pride in the quality as well as the quantity of work.
Gantt brought in an innovation, by paying the foreman a bonus if all the workers met the required standard of performance
From his experience as a teacher, Gantt hoped that his bonus system would help to convert the foreman from an overseer and driver of workers to a helper and teacher of subordinates.

5. Gantt’s Contribution 3. Gantt's Bar Chart
These started as a humble but effective mechanism for recording the progress of workers towards the task standard
A daily record was kept for each worker - in black, if he met the standard, in red, if he didn't. This expanded into further charts on quantity of work per machines, quantity of work per worker, cost control and other subjects
A bar chart showed how work was scheduled over time through to its completion. This enabled management to see, in graphic form, how well work was progressing, and indicated when and where action would be necessary to keep on time
The Gantt Chart provided a graphic means of planning and controlling work and led to its modern variation - PERT (Program Evaluation and Review Technique)

6. Application of Gantt’s Principles in Modern Business
Gantt chart is used today in modern day production scheduling methods
It is translated in 8 languages and used throughout the world
Starting in 1920 it was used in Japan, Spain and Soviet Union
Formed basis for two charting devices used for planning, organizing and controlling complex organization’s processes
Critical Path Method (CPM) originated by Du Pont
Performance Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT) developed by Navy
LOTUS 123

7. University of Nottingham
9/16/2018
Gantt Chart
A GANTT chart is a type of bar chart that illustrates a project schedule.
After the PERT/CPM analysis is completed, the following phase is to construct the GANTT chart and then to re-allocate resources and re-schedule if necessary.
GANTT charts have become a common technique for representing the phases and activities of a project work breakdown structure.
It was introduced by Henry Gantt around 1910 – 1915.
Maria Petridou

8. University of Nottingham
9/16/2018
Gantt Chart
Maria Petridou

9. University of Nottingham
9/16/2018
Gantt Chart
Characteristics:
The bar in each row identifies the corresponding task
The horizontal position of the bar identifies start and end times of the task
Bar length represents the duration of the task
Task durations can be compared easily
Good for allocating resources and re-scheduling
Precedence relationships can be represented using arrows
Critical activities are usually highlighted
Slack times are represented using bars with doted lines
The bar of each activity begins at the activity earliest start time (ES)
The bar of each activity ends at the activity latest finish time (LF).
Maria Petridou

10. University of Nottingham
9/16/2018
Gantt Chart
Advantages
Simple
Good visual communication to others
Task durations can be compared easily
Good for scheduling resources
Disadvantages
Dependencies are more difficult to visualise
Minor changes in data can cause major changes in the chart
Software Project Management
Maria Petridou
Maria Petridou

11. 2 Critical Elements of a task
Terminal elements are the smaller more intricate tasks that need to be completed as part of a larger task.
Summary element is made up of terminal elements to form the larger task.
For example, a summary element for a car manufacturer would be to paint the vehicle. The terminal elements of painting the vehicle would be to strip any original paint, primer, apply your first, second and top coats, and finally, wash, wax and buff the new paint job.