Lec 27, Ch.7, pp : Sight distance at intersections (Objectives) Understand the availability of adequate sight distance is crucial to reduce crashes at intersections Understand the availability of adequate sight distance is crucial to reduce crashes at intersections Learn the sight distances required at intersections are dependent on the type of control Learn the sight distances required at intersections are dependent on the type of control Know how to determine required sight distance for no-control (Case I), Yield sign (Case II), and Stop sign control (Case IIIA – crossing the major street) Know how to determine required sight distance for no-control (Case I), Yield sign (Case II), and Stop sign control (Case IIIA – crossing the major street) Case IIIB and IIIC will be discussed in CE561 (i.e., No need to read pp ) Case IIIB and IIIC will be discussed in CE561 (i.e., No need to read pp )

What we discuss in class today… Sight distance requirements for no-control but allowing vehicles to adjust (Case I) Sight distance requirements for no-control but allowing vehicles to adjust (Case I) Sight distance requirements for yield- control intersections on minor road (Case II) Sight distance requirements for yield- control intersections on minor road (Case II) Sight distance requirements for stop-control intersections on minor road (Case IIIA: crossing the intersection) Sight distance requirements for stop-control intersections on minor road (Case IIIA: crossing the intersection)

Sight distance at intersections YIELD At signalized intersections, the unobstructed view may be limited to the area where the signals are located. However, this is acceptable because the signal controls the allocation of right-of-way. For unsignalized intersections, it is necessary to provide and adequate view of the crossroads or intersecting highways to reduce the potential of collision with crossing vehicles. The sight distance required depends on the type of control at the intersection. No control: Basic rule-of-the-road control (Case I) (Case II) (Case III)

Sight distance requirements for no-control intersections but allowing vehicle to adjust speed – Case I Sight triangle Collision point Assumption: The drivers may slow down or speed up but do not stop (thus avoiding collision, hopefully). Sight distance for sight triangle

Min. distances for sight triangle for Case I (Table 7.7) Speed (mph) Distance (ft)  PR time = 2 sec  Additional = 1 sec  Total = 3 sec This distance include the distance traveled by the vehicle, total distance traveled during the driver’s perception reaction time (2 sec) and during brake actuation or the acceleration to regulate speed (1 sec). Dist = 1.47ut These are the minimum distances for various speed levels. AASHTO Greenbook recommends that minimum stopping sight distances (Tab 3.3) be provided.

How do we get d a and d b for Case I? dbdb dada You can see two similar triangles in this diagram. If any three of the variables d a, d b, a, and b are known, the fourth can be determined by this formula. In the field, you measure b and a. Then, you set d a or d b using the minimum sight distance for the sight triangle and see if the remaining d b or d a meet the minimum sight distance requirement. Or, the d a is first determined for the major road speed; then from the available d b, the speed limit of the minor road is determined. (Review Example 7-2)

Sight distance requirement for yield-control intersections on minor roads – Case II YIELD Vehicles on the minor road are required to yield to vehicles on the major road  Either slow down or stop if necessary. You must provide minimum stopping sight distances on the minor road (see Tab 3.3) because you need to slow down or stop. Hence, sight distances for the sight triangle (Case I) are NOT used; they are too short. Hence, use The typical value of min t (Perception reaction time) for design is 2.5 sec according to the AASHTO “Green Book.”

Sight distance requirement for stop-control intersections on minor roads – Case III Case IIIA: Crossing the intersection, thereby clearing traffic approaching from both sides of the intersections Case IIIB: Turning left onto the crossroad, which requires clearing the traffic approaching from the left and then joining the traffic stream on the crossroad with vehicles approaching from the right.

Sight distance requirement for stop-control intersections on minor roads – Case III (cont) Case IIIC: Turning right onto the crossroad by joining the traffic on the crossroad with vehicles approaching from the left.

Crossing maneuver – Case IIIA Sight distance required along the major highway from the intersection that must be available for a safe crossing is obtained by the following formula. Where v = design speed on the major highway (mph) J = perception-reaction time plus the time required by the driver to actuate the clutch or an automatic shift (2.0 sec is assumed) t a = time taken to accelerate and clear the intersection. D=Distance to stop line (10ft) L=Veh. Length (18 to 20 ft typically) W=Road width The t a depends on the type of vehicle (its acceleration capability) and a distance S, which is give as S = D + W + L

Time (t a ) required to travel a distance (S) Example: Design vehicle = SU D = 10 ft L = 25 ft (Longer than typical 20 ft for a SU) W = 50 ft S = D + W + L = 85 ft t a = 8.4 seconds It takes for a SU 8.4 seconds to completely clear the intersection.

Other considerations  If the median width is long enough for the design vehicle to rest, it will be a two-step crossing (a shorter sight distance is OK).  If not, it will be a one- step crossing. Then, the median width is part of road width. Median: Sight distance measurement in the field:  Eye height = 3.5 ft for a passenger car  Object height = 4.25 ft (the roof of the car)  If the sight distance obtained by Eq. 7.5 is smaller than the minimum SSD (see Tab 3.4), use the minimum SSD to check the available sight distance. (Review Example 7-3.)