DR VINIT K ASHOK ADJUNCT FACULTY HEAD AND NECK -1 DR VINIT K ASHOK ADJUNCT FACULTY

TRIANGLES OF THE NECK POSTERIOR TRIANGLE BOUNDARIES - ANTERIORLY----STRENOCLEIDOMASTOID - POSTERIORLY---TRAPEZIUS INFERIORLY--- CLAVICLE CONTENTS NERVES- ACCESSORY NERVE, CERVICAL PLEXUS, PHRENIC NERVE, BRACHIAL PLEXUS ARTERIES-SUBCLAVIAN ARTERY VEINS-EXTERNAL JUGULAR VEIN * WOUND TO THE NECK IN THIS REGION CAN LEAD TO PARALYSIS OF THE TRAPEZIUS AND STERNOCLEIDOMASTOID

ANTERIOR TRIANGLE BOUNDARIES SUPERIORLY----INFERIOR MARGIN OF THE MANDIBLE ANTERIORLY----MIDLINE OF THE NECK POSTERIORLY—STERNOCLEIDOMASTOID CONTENTS GLAND---- SUBMANDIBULAR GLAND MUSCLES----- SUPRAHYOID, INFRAHYOID VEINS--- UPPER PARTS OF THE JUGULAR VEINS ARTERIES—UPPER PARTS OF THE CAROTIDS

UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT NOSE EXTERNAL VISIBLE PART MADE UP OF CARTILAGE AND BONE PROVIDES AIRWAY FOR RESPIRATION MOISTENS AND WARMS THE AIR FILTERS INHALED AIR RESONATING CHAMBER FOR SPEECH HOUSES THE RECEPTORS FOR SMELL ( OLFACTION)

NASAL CAVITY LIES POSTERIOR TO THE NOSE. DIVIDED INTO RT AND LEFT BY NASAL SEPTUM AIR ENTERS THROUGH THE ANTERIOR NARES. LINED BY RESPIRATORY MUCOSA/ OLFACTORY MUCOSA BOUNDARIES ROOF- ETHMOID AND SPHENOID BONES FLOOR – PALATE ANTERIORLY-ANTERIOR NARES POSTERIORLY- INTERNAL NARES ( Choanae). OPENS INTO NASOPHARYNX LATERAL WALLS-NASAL CONCHAE PALATE—HARD /SOFT ( SEPERATES THE ORAL AND NASAL CAVITIES. PALATINE AND MAXILLARY BONES( HARD) VESTIBULE-SUPERIOR TO THE NOSTRILS( FLARED) VIBRISSAE-NOSE HAIRS

RESPIRATORY MUCOSA PSEUDOSTRATIFIED CILIATED COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM WITH SCATTERED GOBLET CELLS GLANDS IN THE CONNECTIVE TISSUE ( SEROUS / MUCOUS) SEROUS SECRETIONS ----DIGESTIVE ENZYME( LYSOZYME) MUCOUS SECRETIONS---STICKY TRAP DUST,BACTERIA, POLLEN, DEBRIS FROM AIR. ALSO MOISTENS THE INHALED AIR * RHINITIS---INFLAMMATION OF THE NASAL MUCOSA.CAUSED BY BACTERIA, VIRUSESOR ALLERGENS. RESULTS IN INCREASED SECRETIONS AND CONGESTION

NASAL CONCHAE PROJECTIONS FROM THE LATERAL NASAL WALLS, MUCOSA COVERED SCROLL LIKE STRUCTURES 3 IN NUMBER SUPERIOR, MIDDLE( PART OF THE ETHMOID BONE) AND INFERIOR ( SEPARATE BONE) GROOVE INFERIOR TO THE CONCHA ----MEATUS ( OPENINGS OF MANY STRUCTURES) FUNCTIONS OF THE CONCHAE CAUSES TURBULANCE OF AIR INHALED HEATS THE INHALED AIR MOISTENS THE AIR HELPS TRAP DUST PARTICLES RECLAIMS HEAT AND MOISTURE

PARANASAL SINUSES AIR FILLED CAVITIES IN THE BONES SORRUNDING THE NASAL CAVITY FRONTAL, ETHMOID, SPHENOID AND MAXILLARY HAVE SAME RESPIRATORY MUCOSA FUNCTIONS WARMS THE AIR LIGHTENS THE SKULL GIVES RESONANCE TO THE VOICE ALL OPEN INTO THE NASAL CAVITY ( MEATUS) BLOWING THE NOSE DRAINS THEM MAXILLARY SINUS DOES NOT DRAIN VERY WELL SINUSITIS

PHARYNX THROAT CONNECTS THE NASAL CAVITY AND ORAL CAVITY ABOVE TO THE LARYNX AND ESOPHAGUS BELOW EXTENDS FROM THE BASE OF THE SKULL TO THE C6 VERTEBRA MUSCULAR WALLS ( SKELETAL MUSCLE) PRESENT THROUGHOUT THE LENGTH DIVIDED INTO 3 REGIONS NASOPHARYNX OROPHARYNX LARYNGOPHARYNX

INPORTANT CONTENTS IN THE PHARYNX NASOPHARYNX--- ACTS ONLY AS AIR PASSAGE UVULA PREVENTS THE FOOD FROM COMING BACK INTO THE NASOPHARYNX ADENOIDS( PHARYNGEAL TONSILS) FOUND IN THE ROOF TUBAL TONSILS FOUND IN THE LATERAL WALL OROPHARYNX— COOMON PASSAGE FOR AIR AND FOOD FAUCES IS THE ARCH LIKE ENTRANCE TO IT PALATINE TONSILS FOUND IN THE LATERAL WALL OF THE FAUCES LINGUAL TONSILS COVERS THE POSTERIOR SURFACE OF THE TONGUE LARYNGOPHARYNX- COMMON PASSAGE FOR BOTH FOOD AND AIR LIES POSTERIOR TO THE LARYNX CONTINUOUS WITH BOTH THE LARYNX AND ESOPHAGUS * TONSILS ARE PART TO THE IMMUNE SYSTEM AND PROTESCT AGAINS INFECTION

LARYNX ALSO CALLED THE VOICE BOX EXTENDS FROM C-4 TO C-6 VERTEBRA ATTACHMENTS – SUPERIORLY ---HYOID BONE INFERIORLY ----CONTINOUS WITH THE TRACHEA FUNCTIONS - VOICE PRODUCTION - AIR PASSAGE - ROUTES FOOD / AIR TO PROPER PATH FRAMEWORK - NINE CARTILAGES - MEMBRANES - LIGAMENTS CARTILAGES EPIGLOTTIS THYROID CARTILAGE UNPAIRED CRICOID CARTILAGE CORNICULATE CUNEIFORM PAIRED ARYTENOID

LARYNGEAL CARTILAGES THYROID LARGE SHIELD SHAPED 2 CARTILAGE PLATES ADAMS APPLE( LARYNGEAL PROMINENCE) EPIGLOTTIS LEAF SHAPED ELASTIC CARTILGE COVERED BY MUCOSA STALK ATTACHED ANTERIORLY TO THE INTERNAL ASPECT OF THYROID GAURDIAN OF THE AIRWAYS CRICOID LIES INFERIOR TO THE THYROID CARTILAGE SIGNETRING SHAPED PERCHED ON TOP OF THE TRACHEA

VOCAL CORDS PRESENT IN THE LARYNX VOCAL FOLDS( TRUE VOCAL CORDS) ARE AVASCULAR AND APPEAR PEARLY WHITE AIR EXHALED FROM THE LUNGS CAUSES THEM TO VIBRATE PRODUCING THE BASIC SOUNDS OF SPEECH

THYROID GLAND LARGEST PURE ENDOCRINE GLAND LOCATED IN THE NECK ON THE TRACHEA INFERIOR TO THE LARYNX PRODUCES HORMONES ---THYROXINE, TRIIODOTHYRONINE AND CALCITONIN MOVES UP WITH SWALLOWING BLOOD SUPPLY BY THE SUPERIOR AND INFERIOR THYROID ARTERIES

HYOID BONE LIES INFERIOR TO THE MANDIBLE BODY AND 2 PAIRS OF HORNS DOES NOT ARTICULATE WITH ANY OTHER BONE ATTACHED SUPERIORLY TO THE SKULL BY LIGAMENTS AND ALSO TO THE LARYNX INFERIORLY BY LIGAMENTS ACTS AS A MOVABLE BASE FOR THE TONGUE