Quality Assured Measurements of Animal Building Emissions: Part 1. Gas Concentrations Albert Heber; Ji-Qin Ni; Teng Lim; Pei-Chun Tao Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN Amy M. Millmier University of Missouri, Columbia, MO Larry Jacobson, Richard Nicolai University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN Jacek Koziel Texas A&M University, Amarillo, TX Steven Hoff Iowa State University, Ames, IA Yuanhui Zhang University of Illinois, Urbana, IL David Beasley North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC

Dr. Ji-Qin Ni Dr. Teng Lim

Feed H 2 S, NH 3 Eggs Waste “Livestock take a relatively benign N (and S) in the feed and convert it to a susceptible, volatile, and mobile form of N (and S)” H. Tyrell 4/29/02

Emission Sources Land Application Housing Storage/Treatment Source: Arogo et al. 2001

Emission Point = Exhaust Fan

Inside Exhaust Fans

Air Quality Study 3,500 data subsets were collected between March and September

Instrument Shelter Sampling Manifolds PC Gas analyzers Full-time field engineer

Carbon Dioxide Concentrations  Photoacoustic infrared  1.0 Lpm internal pump  0 - 5,000 ppm  Model 3600, MSA, Inc.  $2,000 Pegged! Concentration, ppm Summer Winter Zero and span calibration gases

H 2 S Concentrations (pulsed fluorescence technique) Site 3 1 to 1,527 ppb H2S odor threshold concentration = 1 ppb

NH 3 Concentrations (chemiluminescence method) NH 3 odor threshold concentration ~ 5 ppm

Sampling Location Group (SLG) Wall fans Pit fan Instrument trailer Analyzers Sampling manifold Mixing manifold Teflon manifolds

Problems  Condensation in gas lines.  Keep gas temperature 3 C above that of sampled air.  Air conditioning in trailer caused condensation.  Sensor failure and drift.  Lack of sensor maintenance, e.g. psychrometer ran dry.  Lightning strikes (need UPS systems)  PC hard drive failed.  Dust and moisture buildups in gas sampling lines.  Pigs damaged several sensors and lines.  Harsh environment for sensors.

Recommendations from 1997 Study  Develop Quality Assurance Project Plan (needed or not)  Test, evaluate and fine-tune DAQ before taking to field  Test field installation and data analysis before collecting data  Assure good field site management  Establish good communication with collaborator  Keep gas temperature 3 C above that of sampled air.  Protect integrity of data collection/storage  Use proper statistical techniques  Proper sampling frequency/locations  Sufficient accuracy  Estimate and propagate all errors  Use proper averaging methods

Manure Additive Study, 1999 Gas Sampling System (GSS)  First QAQC- based contract  Web-based Labview data monitoring  Biweekly calibrations  39 reactors Calibration notebooks Backup Analyzers Hood failure: 1000’s s! PC DAQ

 Documentation of procedures  Accurate records  Reference gases for CEM.  Reactor ventilation monitoring  of alarms to reseachers.  Monitoring of all exhaust hoods in lab  Blank checks.  Pilot Study

Real Time Gas Monitoring Reactor Number Hydrogen sulfide Ammonia Carbon dioxide Reactor airflow

Emission Measurement Methods Study –  “Air Sampling & Measurement Methodology for Confined Animal Housing Systems”  “Improving Measurement of Emissions from Poultry Houses”  “Odor Emissions Factors for Caged-Layers”  “Real-time Dust Concentration Monitor”

 CL Method: Spatial  9 exhaust locations  1 inlet location  2 cage location  10 min sampling period  CL Method: Temporal  1 exhaust location  Continuous monitoring  Photoacoustric IR  Electrochemical sensors

Six months of gas sampling  Analyzer comparisons  Bypass pumping tests  Sampling period 5-10 min  Labview DAQ & Computer Boards  First test of TEOM  Ammonia 15 to 150 ppm  QAQC-based contract  Wireless ISP  Web publishing of data  Lightning arrestor for IS  Microwave oven  Small vane anemometers

Monitoring Plan at Laying House Ammonia emission = k x 186 m 3 /s x (25.3 – 1.6) = 11,267 g/d

APECAB Study Aerial: Air quality new EPA initiative for ag. Pollutant: Volatile forms of N, S, odor. Emissions: Outward mass flows from barns. from Confined: Efficient method of raising animals. Animals: Swine is the focus in this study Buildings: Mechanically-ventilated rooms only.

Measurement Sites: APECAB study Swine Poultry All sites described in paper

Barn 14 Lab Feed bins Barn 13 Service road N Barn 15Barn 16 Hall Barns 1-12 Hall

Control of Aerial Pollutant Emissions from Swine Housing (CAPESH)  Test soybean oil sprinkling  Test the “Biocurtain”

Lagoon Tunnel-ventilated finishing houses with flushing

CAPESH study APECAB study Mobile Instrument Shelters

 3 1 S Attic Shallow pit with recycle flush Pens SideView 5 Exhaust air sampling Fan # Trailer Instrument trailer TEOM sampler for PM10 Air sampling Static pressure port Background air sampling Met tower 4 2 Barn Relative humidity/temperature probe Temperature sensor Diffusers Summer air inlets Odor sampling location   Floor plan (61 m x 13.2 m)  Anemometer (SVA)  End view   Barn 7Barn 8

S12 P1 P2 M3 P3 F Analyzers Cal gases S1 M: manifold P: pump S: solenoid Sampling probes, m long C 6 H 14 /CH 4 CO 2 Zero air NH 3 H2SH2S NO 6-port diluter (5 L/min) p M2 M1 Flow restrictors Bypass pumping circuit Mass flow meter NH 3 H2SH2S CO 2 CH 4 /VOC 7.9 mm OD, 4.8 mm ID vinyl 22.2 mm OD 15.9 mm ID vinyl 9.5 mm OD, 6.4 mm ID Teflon 9.5 mm OD, 6.4 mm ID Teflon 3.2 mm OD, 1.6 mm ID Teflon 6.4 mm OD 3.2 mm ID vinyl Exhaust F f SO 2 6-solenoid manifold Pressure sensor M4 Exhaust AB C D Bubbler F: filter F Note: S1-S6: NO, S7-S12: NC Calibration gas circuit Bag fill port Jar P4 Rotameter Leak test circuit 1 1 Pressure gage Air valve S13 S14

Bypass manifold M1 Analyzer sampling manifold M3 M4 Bag fill port 3-way solenoid Sampling manifold M2 Bypass pump P1 Sampling pump P2

3-way solenoid Sampled air from sampling location group (SLG) ¼” i.d. 3/8” o.d. Teflon Mass flow meter 0-10 L/min Flow restrictor

Sample airflow & manifold pressure 1: Ambient, 2: Barn A, 3: Barn B

On-Line Data Inspection Flushing peak Ambient Barn A Barn B

The Measurement System  Sample system  Sample acquisition  Sample transport  Sample conditioning  Protection of analyzers from sampled gas  Gas analyzer: senses and generates output  Data recorder

NH 3 analyzer A PMT RC Pump Solenoid Catalytic converter Scrubber Capillary Filter Detector Internal gas sampling system 0.6 L/min Calibration at A accounts for converter inefficiency and losses in scrubber, solenoid, capillary, filter and tubing along with detector sensitivity.

p f Manifold Pump NH 3 analyzer B C A PMT RC Pump Solenoid Catalytic converter Scrubber Capillary Filter Detector Internal gas sampling system External gas sampling system Pressure sensor Manifold Solenoid Mass flow meter Restrictor D m Teflon tube 0.6 L/min 4.0 L/min Filter Calibration at A accounts for converter inefficiency and losses in scrubber, solenoid, capillary, filter and tubing along with detector sensitivity. Calibration at B or C accounts for additional error introduced by the external gas sampling system. Calibration at D accounts for additional error introduced by the long sampling probes and is the most desirable location to introduce calibration gas but is sometimes too impractical.

Gas Analyzer Calibration

Raw CO2 Concentrations CAPESH Site, 11/8/02

CO2 Concentrations by Location CAPESH Site, 11/8/02

H 2 S Concentrations by Location CAPESH Site, 11/8/02

NH 3 Concentrations by Location CAPESH Site, 11/8/02

Ambient NH 3 Concentrations CAPESH Site, 11/8/02

Methane Concentrations

VOC Concentrations by Location CAPESH Site, 11/8/02

Recent Advances to Emission Measurements at Livestock Buildings  New gas sampling system with mass flow sensor and manifold pressure sensor  Complete QAPP documents  Remote multipoint calibrations  Introduction of cal gas into probe  Non-methane VOC measurements  Common protocol among universities

Albert J. Heber Professor Agricultural and Biological Engineering Purdue University Building Environment Research & Education AgAirQuality.com

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