1. Albert J. Heber, Associate Professor Director, Purdue Agricultural Air Quality Lab Agricultural and Biological Engineering Purdue University Building Environment Research & Education AgAirQuality.com

2. “A Buoyant Convective Flux Chamber for Measuring Liquid Surface Emissions” hoodsunny A.J. Heber, T.T. Lim, J.Q. Ni and K.J. Fakhoury AgAirQuality.com

3. Objectives n Develop floating emission chamber n Evaluate performance Field Tests Lab Tests

4. Air Supply Unit Blower Adsorbent Filter

5. Air Supply Blower 198 m 3 /h (117 cfm)

6. Air Supply Unit

7. Air Supply Filter 22.4 kg of adsorbent Charcoal Permanganate Zeolite

8. Top View Air outlet Sampling location Air velocity probe Stainless steel divider Air inlet Styrofoam boards for buoyancy Liquid surface area = 0.76 m 2

9. BCFC Inlet

10. Stainless Steel Lining

11. “Hairpin” Airflow Path 2.4 m path length 2.2 sec residence time

12. 1.1 m/s Sampling location Air velocity probe Air outlet Side View Air inlet

13. End View Air Inlet Air Outlet Divider 31 cm Sampling point

14. Lab Tests N-butanol at 250-20,250 ppm in 200 L water Odor emission only. Lagoon effluent: 100, 50 and 25% dilution H 2 S, NH 3, CO 2 and odor emission.

15. Gas Analyzers n Ammonia (0 to 200 ppm) Ammonia converted to nitric oxide with a SS converter, 875 C Chemiluminescense: PMT detects light emission from reaction of nitric oxide with ozone. Sample flow rate = 0.5 Lpm n Hydrogen sulfide (0 to 10,000 ppb) Hydrogen sulfide converted to sulfur dioxide, SO 2 Pulsed fluorescence: PMT detects UV from decaying SO 2 molecules Sample flow rate = 1.0 Lpm n Carbon dioxide (0 to 5,000 ppm) Photoacoustic infrared sensor Sample flow rate = 1.0 Lpm.

16. Instrumentation Room Manifolds PC Gas sensors

17. Odor Threshold Measurement 1 of 8 panelists Olfactometer Tedlar bag Panel leader’s hand PC

18. N-Butanol Test Results n Blank: 9 OU n Inlet mean: 10.4 OU (8 to 13 OU) n Odor emission: 0.5 to 11.2 OU/s-m 2

19. Emission Rate of N-Butanol Emission Rate = 5.10 Log(C) - 13.05 R 2 = 0.82 0 4 8 12 100100010000100000 Concentration of N-butanol in Tank, ppm Emission Rate, OU/s-m 2 20 27 51 63 155

20. Lagoon Effluent Test Results n Inlet mean: 22 OU n Outlet mean: 27 OU n Odor emission: 0.8 OU/s-m 2 at 100% n Hydrogen sulfide too low to measure n Inlet ammonia mean: 1.8 ppm n Outlet ammonia mean: 2.9 ppm n Ammonia emission proportional to effluent concentration. n Ammonia levels below odor threshold

21. Lagoon Effluent: NH 3 Emission Emission Rate = 4.15x - 18.1 R 2 = 0.90 0 100 200 300 400 020406080100120 Lagoon Effluent Dilution, % Emission Rate, mg/hr-m 2 Solids: 0.16%

22. Field Tests n Swine grow-finish facility n Four consecutive days n Day 1: Effect of air speed crustincorner

23. Anaerobic Treatment Lagoons 2nd Stage Basin 1st Stage Basin Six Swine Buildings

24. Deployment

25. Odor Emission Tests hoodwtwovacs 3 Lpm pumps Air velocity control Hammer Evacuation chamber Raceway (6 m)

26. Chamber Inlet and Outlet Samples hebervacus

27. Emission vs. Air Speed Emission = 1.85 x 0.93 R 2 = 0.88 0 1 2 3 4 0.00.51.01.52.0 Surface Air Speed, m/s MeasuredPredicted Emission, OU/m 2 -s

28. Field Test Results n Inlet mean: 23 OU (12 to 42 OU) n Outlet mean: 52 OU n Odor emission: 1.5 to 2.1 OU/s-m 2 n Mean of 1.7 OU/s-m 2 corresponded to 1,000 ppm n-butanol.

29. Advantages n Large air filtration and cleaning unit n Inlet air sampling n Large liquid surface area n Long air path

30. Disadvantages n Size (van or pickup required) n Weight (2-4 people required) n Gentle berm slopes required, >3:1 n Limited reach (five meters)

31. Future Research n Reduce size and weight n Evaluate and improve internal air profiles n Study effect of flow rate on emission

32. Conclusions Good comparative measurements of gas and odor emission rates

33. Conclusions Low sampling variance

34. Conclusions Lower detection limit: 500-1000 ppm n-butanol.

35. Conclusions Lower limit reached with properly designed swine lagoon 0.16% solids “Low odor” lagoon

36. Conclusions hood5-7 Odor emission rate increased for 1000-20,000 ppm n-butanol

37. Acknowledgements n Purdue University Agricultural Research Program n State of Indiana Value Added Research Program n Ramco Sales, Inc.

38. Questions? float2 Check out AgAirQuality.com