Takeaways, April 21 Distribute second set of essay questions Words of wisdom: “Reality is very complex.” (Inglehart and Welzel, Modernization, Cultural Change, and Democracy, p. 64)

Today’s lecture Wrapup on last week’s discussion of democratization How many theories of democratization? Democracy and culture – coming at democracy and democratization from a different angle Perspectives on World Values Survey & the Inglehart thesis Democracy and religion – to be taken up in section

Reprise – Trend in Polity IV scores

Human population dynamics – percent of global total

Polity: France

Polity: Spain

Polity: Argentina

Polity: South Africa

Polity: India

Polity: Pakistan

Polity: Bangladesh

How many theories of democratization? Elite behavior and bargaining Institutional crafting and design Underlying social and economic change – i.e., modernization Other “structural” factors – e.g., –Social cleavages –Inequality –Ethnic fractionalization

Yeltsin on the tank, 1991

How many theories of democratization? Elite behavior and bargaining Institutional crafting and design Underlying social and economic change – i.e., modernization Other “structural” factors – e.g., –Social cleavages –Inequality –Ethnic fractionalization

... theories of democratization –Education levels –Religious tradition International factors – next week “Culture” – Inglehart

Almond & Verba, Civil Culture (1963) Political culture = “the political system as internalized in the cognitions, feelings [affects], and evaluations of its population” Ideal types: parochial, subject, participant Civic culture = a mixed culture, “an allegiant participant culture” Challenge: major shifts in attitudes + persistence in democracy – alienation, cynicism, disengagement

Inglehart’s original question “What should the country’s goals be for the next ten or fifteen years?” Choose two of: –A. Maintain order in the nation –B. Give the people more say in government decisions –C. Fight rising prices –D. Protect freedom of speech

Some questions about Inglehart Credibility of values/cultural scales Portability of survey research of this type Mapping of “cultural zones” Theory of origin of values – is it too simple, determinist? Regression analysis of linkages of value systems to political regimes – credible? – does concept of “effective democracy” work?