Growth from Birth to Age 5 PSY 121 Chapters Part 1

Sensation versus Perception Receiving environmental stimuli versus Giving meaning to information received by the sensory system Receiving environmental stimuli versus Giving meaning to information received by the sensory system

Neuron Parts of a neuron dendrite cell body axon synapse myelin Parts of a neuron dendrite cell body axon synapse myelin

A NEURON

The Brain Left brain processes verbal, numerical, textual & logical information Right brain processes spatial, colored & creative information Left brain processes verbal, numerical, textual & logical information Right brain processes spatial, colored & creative information

Hemispheres have differing functions but don’t work independently. Both generally work together to perform most tasks. One side may be faster.

The Brain Right and left halves are joined by the corpus callosum. Myelination Right and left halves are joined by the corpus callosum. Myelination

Myelin Sheath Insulation on axon to improve speed of transmission. Also insulates axon from activity of other neurons.

Reflexes Survival reflexes Breathing Sucking Rooting Swallowing Survival reflexes Breathing Sucking Rooting Swallowing

Other Reflexes Startle or Moro Babinski Walking (stepping) Swimming Startle or Moro Babinski Walking (stepping) Swimming

Motor Skills Gross Motor Skills large body movements such as running, climbing, jumping and throwing Earliest and easiest to be mastered Gross Motor Skills large body movements such as running, climbing, jumping and throwing Earliest and easiest to be mastered

Fine Motor Skills are smaller body movements such as drawing, buttoning, coloring, tying shoes, using tools, etc.. require some maturation nervous system of to develop

Types of Play* Sensorimotor Play Parallel Play Rough and Tumble Play Play Face Mastery Play Dramatic Play * not a complete list; categories are not mutually exclusive Sensorimotor Play Parallel Play Rough and Tumble Play Play Face Mastery Play Dramatic Play * not a complete list; categories are not mutually exclusive

Sigmund Freud First clearly delineated “ stage theory” Human development proceeds in orderly stages; one stage must be reached before the next stage can happen Controversial Failure to attain success is called fixation.

Psychosexual Stages Oral Anal Phallic Latency Genital Oral Anal Phallic Latency Genital

Oral Stage Focus on the the mouth feeding, sucking, babbling, blowing bubbles, etc. from birth to 1 year fixation = oral- aggressive or oral- receptive

Anal Stage Focus on the anal sphincter muscles Toilet-training:freedom and control issues: own body, parents fixation = anal- retentive and anal- expulsive

Phallic Stage Centered on the genitals, especially the penis. Awareness of sex and gender differences Identification with and role-play of same sex parent

Phallic Stage Fixation = Oedipus complex in boys and Electra complex in girls castration anxiety for males penis envy in females

Latency and Genital Stage Most challenging development happens on oral, anal and phallic stages latency - repressed sexuality due to unconscious guilt Genital stage - adolescence renewed interest in genital stimulation; adult sexuality Most challenging development happens on oral, anal and phallic stages latency - repressed sexuality due to unconscious guilt Genital stage - adolescence renewed interest in genital stimulation; adult sexuality

Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages Infancy = Basic trust versus mistrust Toddlerhood = autonomy versus shame and doubt Preschool = initiative versus guilt

Social Learning Theory Modeling : Learning by observation and imitation learned aggressiveness and learned helplessness Importance of television and other media on learning