© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. CHAPTER 12 Marine Life and the Marine Environment

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Classification of Living Organisms Five kingdoms –Monera –Protoctista –Fungi –Plantae –Animalia

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Five Kingdoms of Organisms Monera –Simplest organisms, single-celled Protoctista –Single- and multicelled with nucleus –Algae, protozoa Fungi –Mold, lichen

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Five Kingdoms of Organisms Plantae –Multicelled photosynthetic plants –Surf grass, eelgrass, mangrove, marsh grasses Animalia –Multicelled animals –Range from simple sponges to complex vertebrates

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Taxonomy Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species –Genetically similar, can interbreed

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Classification of Marine Organisms Plankton (floaters) Nekton (swimmers) Benthos (bottom dwellers)

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Floating….Plankton Phytoplankton –Autotrophic Zooplankton –Heterotrophic

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Swimming….Nekton Independent swimmers Most adult fish and squid Marine mammals and reptiles

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Nekton

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Bottom Dwelling…Benthos Benthos are most abundant in shallower water. Many live in perpetual darkness, coldness, and stillness.

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Benthos

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Planktonic Floating Drifting

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Planktonic Phytoplankton- Autotrophic Make own food Zooplankton- Heterotrophic Eat things

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Permanent Plankton Diatoms Radiolarians Formaninifera

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Temporary Plankton Eel Larvae Herring Larvae Salmon Larvae Copepod Larvae

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Nektonic Free Swimming

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Filter and Suspension Feeders Feed on plankton Whale Sharks Baleen Whales

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Filter and Suspension Feeders Feed on plankton Crustaceans Sponges

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Deposit Feeding Feed on bottom materials Mostly dead or decaying Worms Crabs

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Factors Influencing Marine Life Temperature Salinity Dissolved Gas Water Transparency pH Nutrients

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Temperature and Marine Life More stable than land Small variations Deep ocean is nearly isothermal-same

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Cold vs. Warm Water Species Cooler seawater are smaller Tropical organisms grow faster, live shorter More species in warmer seawater More biomass in cooler seawater (upwelling)

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Temperature and Metabolism Poikilothermic-cold blooded-body temp changes Homeothermic-warm blooded-stable body temp Cold blooded 10 degree temperature rise, need for food doubled Warm blooded opposite but less dramatic.

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Application for El Nino Water Temperatures Increases Thermocline increases-less biomass less food Cold Blooded-need for food increases Less food produced, Fish need more food...not good Food chain collapses

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Application for El Nino Result Top Predators Suffer Most

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Salinity Adaptations Organisms ability to tolerate salinity changes Some can and others cannot tolerate changes Same as temperature, limits area to live =========================== Tolerate…move or die. More later

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Salinity Side Note-Bull Sharks Bull Sharks-can tolerate fresh water well Can be found up Mississippi River as far as Illinois Probably the most dangerous shark Found in shallow water Florida has most attacks

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Salinity Side Note-Bull Sharks

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Dissolved Gases Animals-oxygen through gills. Gills exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide. Low marine oxygen levels can kill fish……pollution

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Gills on Fish

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Water’s Transparency Many marine organisms see well Find Prey Avoid Predators Some marine organisms are nearly transparent. –Elude predators –Stalk prey

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Camouflage

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Countershading Top dark-bottom light Hides from top, bottom, side

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Countershading Top dark-bottom light Hides from top, bottom, side

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Nutrients ( and Upwelling) Why should I care?

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Nutrients ( and Upwelling) This is what creates life on earth 50% of all food (biomass) from ocean Most important process for life on earth

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Divisions of the Marine Environment Pelagic (open sea) –Neritic (< 200 meters) and Oceanic Benthic (sea floor) –Subneritic and Suboceanic

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Pelagic Environment Divided into biozones Neritic Province – from shore and < 200 meters Oceanic Province – depth beyond 200 meters

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Oceanic Province Further subdivided into four biozones Epipelagic –Only zone to support photosynthesis –Dissolved oxygen decreases around 200 meters Mesopelagic –Organisms capable of bioluminescence common Bathypelagic Abyssopelagic

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Dissolved Oxygen with Depth Dissolved oxygen minimum layer (OML) about meters Nutrient maximum at about same depths O 2 content increases with depth below

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Ocean Zones Based on Light Availability Euphotic – light on surface with photosynthesis Disphotic – very small amount of light Aphotic – no light

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Benthic Environments Supralittoral Subneritic –Littoral –Sublittoral Suboceanic –Bathyal –Abyssal –Hadal