Vehicle Control Vehicle Direction / Speed Requirements Topic 4 Lesson 2 Vehicle Control Vehicle Direction / Speed Requirements Steering Wheel Control Hand position on steering wheel Holding top or upper half of wheel (excessive steering and air bag injury risk) Hands located on lower half of wheel (relaxed, balanced control) Steering techniques Hand-to-hand steering (Push/Pull/Slide) Hand-over-hand steering (top third of wheel) Evasive steering (ABS wheel limitation) One-hand steering To reach controls At top when backing straight At bottom when backing a trailer T – 2.31

Targeting and Visual Requirements Topic 5 Lesson 1 Targeting and Visual Requirements Visual Functions - Focus Vision (Focal/Foveal) - Central Vision (Limited Fringe Area) Peripheral Vision (Side) Vision Goals Maintaining an open line of sight Searching skills Targeting line of sight, path of travel Referencing vehicle to path of travel Using visual references and turning targets - Forward visual turning points - Rear visual turning points T – 2.32

Determining Vehicle Operating Space Topic 5 Lesson 1 Determining Vehicle Operating Space Markers represent edge of sightlines Outline of pavement area around the car the driver cannot see from the driver’s seat Forward Rectangles are the tire patches and asterisks represent the vehicle’s forward and rear turning axis * * Rear T – 2.33

Traditional Mirror Views and Blind Spots Topic 5 Lesson 1 Right mirror blind zone Right side view mirror Rear view mirror ( ) Left side view mirror Left mirror blind zone Notice the large blind zone areas and the overlap between the side and rear mirrors when using traditional mirror settings. T – 2.34

Mirror Blind Spot and Glare Elimination (BGE) Topic 5 Lesson 1 Mirror Blind Spot and Glare Elimination (BGE) Adjusting the side mirror setting 15 degree outward (BGE) allows you to see the lanes to the sides and does not overlap as much with the area you can already see in your rear view mirror BGE RIGHT SIDE MIRROR VIEW Peripheral Vision Area REAR MIRROR VIEW Peripheral Vision Area BGE LEFT SIDE MIRROR VIEW T – 2.35 Reference: Blindzone & Glare Elimination (BGE) Mirror Settings (G. Platzer, 1996)

Standard Referencing Points Topic 5 Lesson 2 Standard Referencing Points LEFT Reference Points RIGHT Reference Points Referencing Points: Provide visual cues to establish vehicle position. Relate part of the vehicle to some part of the roadway. Allow the driver to determine proper placement within a lane. Allow for reduced-risk lane positions. 6 inches from line or median 6 inches from line or curb 3 feet from line or median 3 feet from line or curb T – 2.36

Topic 5 Lesson 2 Front Limitation You will need to know where the front end of your vehicle is when you are: Front Limitation AT INTERSECTIONS IN A STOPPING POSITION PARKING STOP LINE T – 2.37

Front Limitation Topic 5 Lesson 2 Where are your visual reference points to determine FRONT LIMITATION ? T – 2.38

Front Limitation Reference Points Topic 5 Lesson 2 To stop 3-6 inches from the line in front of your bumper, stop when your line of sight runs under the side view mirror reference point to the line in front of your vehicle. Maintain a normal driving position when targeting your reference point and do not lean forward or sideways. Reference point Line of sight Reference Point T – 2.39

Topic 5 Lesson 2 Rear Limitation You need to know where the rear of your vehicle is when you are: BACKING PARKING T – 2.40

Topic 5 Lesson 2 Rear Limitation Where are your visual reference points for REAR LIMITATION ? T – 2.41

Topic 5 Lesson 2 Rear Limitation To align the rear bumper three to six inches from a line or curb, you need to stop when the line or curb appears near the middle of the rear right window when looking over the right shoulder. Reference point Reference point T – 2.42

Right Side Limitation Topic 5 Lesson 2 Reference point Establishing reference points for right side limitation will allow you to: Line of sight Reference point know where the curb or line is on the right side of the street park parallel 3-6 inches away from a line or curb establish lane position 3 3-6 inches T – 2.43

Topic 5 Lesson 2 Right Side Limitation The right side limitation reference point to position your vehicle 3-6 inches from the curb or line is the middle of your vehicle’s hood. Reference point Line of Sight 3-6 inches The reference point for 3 feet from the curb or line is the right 1/4 section of the hood. Reference point Line of Sight 3 feet T – 2.44

Topic 5 Lesson 2 Left Side Limitation Establishing reference points for left side limitation allows the driver to: determine position when parking on the left side of a one-way street (3-6 inches from the curb or line) determine lane position 2 3-6 INCHES T – 2.45

Left Side Limitation Topic 5 Lesson 2 Your left side limitation reference point is about one foot from the left front corner of your car (it may be the seam between your left fender and the hood of your vehicle) to the curb. Reference Point Line of Sight Reference Point 3-6 INCHES T – 2.46

Topic 5 Lesson 2 Angle Parking 5 Feet To angle park, place your vehicle 5 feet from the right side, target the middle of the parking space, and use the right front turning point to initiate steering towards the middle of space. 5 feet T – 2.47

Lane Position # 1 VEHICLE IS CENTERED IN THE LANE Topic 5 Lesson 3 VEHICLE IS CENTERED IN THE LANE CAR IS 3 FEET AWAY FROM THE LINES ON YOUR RIGHT AND LEFT SIDES 3 FEET Lane Position ONE ( LP 1 ) 3 FEET T – 2.48

Lane Position # 1 Lane Position ONE (LP 1) Topic 5 Lesson 3 Your left side reference point runs through the driver’s side left fender to the line on the left side of the vehicle. Your right side reference point runs through the center of passenger’s side right half of the hood to the line on the right side of the vehicle. 3 FEET Lane Position ONE (LP 1) 3 FEET Note: Lane position #1 is the lane position used most often. T – 2.49

Lane Position # 2 VEHICLE IS 3-6 INCHES AWAY FROM LINE TO THE LEFT Topic 5 Lesson 3 Lane Position # 2 VEHICLE IS 3-6 INCHES AWAY FROM LINE TO THE LEFT 3-6 INCHES Lane Position TWO ( LP 2 ) T – 2.50

Lane Position # 2 Lane Position TWO (LP 2) Topic 5 Lesson 3 Your lane position #2 reference point is about 1 foot from left side (it may be the crease between the left fender and hood of the vehicle) to the curb. 3-6 INCHES Lane Position TWO (LP 2) 6 FEET T – 2.51

CAR IS POSITIONED 3-6 INCHES AWAY FROM EDGE OR LINE TO THE RIGHT Topic 5 Lesson 3 Lane Position # 3 CAR IS POSITIONED 3-6 INCHES AWAY FROM EDGE OR LINE TO THE RIGHT Lane Position THREE ( LP 3 ) 3-6 INCHES T – 2.52

Topic 5 Lesson 3 Lane Position # 3 Your lane position #3 reference point is through the center of your hood to the right edge of the roadway. Lane Position THREE (LP 3) Reference point 6 FEET Line of Sight 3-6 INCHES T – 2.53

Topic 5 Lesson 3 Lane Positions Position 2 is near the lane line to your left and is used when there is a restriction to your path of travel or your line of sight and you cannot move to the adjacent lane. LP 2 OBSTACLE LP 1 Moving from Lane Position ONE to TWO T – 2.54

Lane Positions Topic 5 Lesson 3 Position 3 is near the lane line to your right and is used when there is a restriction to your path of travel or line of sight and you cannot move out of the lane. OBSTACLE LP 3 LP 1 Moving from Lane Position ONE to THREE T – 2.55

Possible Lane Positions Topic 5 Lesson 3 The width of the lane allows drivers to make lane position adjustments to minimize risk and create more space between their car and problem situations. LP 4 LP 2 LP 1 OBSTACLE LP 3 LP 5 Lane Positions – 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 T – 2.56

Virginia Department of Education Module Three Transparencies Basic Maneuvering Tasks: Low Risk Environment Topic 1 -- Basic Maneuvers Topic 2 -- Vision and Perception Topic 3 -- Controlling Risk Using a Space Management System Topic 4 -- Developing Good Driving Habits Provided in cooperation with the Virginia Department of Motor Vehicles

Entering Roadway Tasks Topic 1 Lesson 1 Entering Roadway Tasks 1. Place Foot Firmly on Service Brake 2. Select Proper Gear - Overdrive, Drive, or Reverse 3. Perform Traffic Checks - Forward, Rear, and Sides 4. Apply Proper Signal - Communicate Intentions T – 3.1

Entering Roadway Tasks Topic 1 Lesson 1 Release Parking Brake Select Gap in Traffic Flow Move to Lane - Target Lane Position #1 - Release Service Brake - Accelerate Gradually - Steer to Center of Lane 3 feet Lane Position #1 CENTER OF LANE 3 feet T – 3.2

Moving to Curb/Side of Road Topic 1 Lesson 2 Moving to Curb/Side of Road Traffic Checks Front/Rear/Sides Proper Signal Target Ahead Check Visual Reference - for 6” from Curb Side Mirror and/or Blind Area Check T – 3.3

Moving to Curb/Side of Road Topic 1 Lesson 2 Adjust Speed Using Controlled Braking Use Gradual Steering Make Adjustments to Align Visual Reference Points Re-check Traffic Cancel Signal Indicator T – 3.4

Backing Proper Seating and Hand Positions Topic 1 Lesson 3 Backing Proper Seating and Hand Positions Adjust Restraints if Necessary Check Traffic to Front, Sides and Rear Place Foot on the Brake Shift to Reverse Backing T – 3.5

Backing Signal if Backing Right or Left Release Parking Brake Topic 1 Lesson 3 Backing Signal if Backing Right or Left Release Parking Brake Readjust Seat Position Right Side/Left Side Straight (Right Side) Visually Target Position Maintain Reference Points Backing T – 3.6

Backing Backing Control Rear Movement Gradually Release Brake Pressure Topic 1 Lesson 3 Backing Control Rear Movement Gradually Release Brake Pressure Move as Slowly as Possible Accelerate Gradually Cover the Brake when Needed Steer in the Direction You Want to Go Using Reference Points to Establish Position Backing T – 3.7

Vision and Perception Requirements Topic 2 Lesson 1 Vision and Perception Requirements Gaining Visual Information - Focus Vision (Focal/Foveal) - Central Vision (Limited Fringe Area) - Peripheral Vision Maintaining an Open Line of Sight Developing Searching Skills Note: 90% of the driving task is visual! T – 3.8

Vision and Perception Requirements Topic 2 Lesson 1 Targeting, Line of Sight, Path of Travel Referencing Vehicle to Path of Travel Using Visual References Using Turning Points to Start the Turning Process - Forward visual turning points - Rear visual turning points T – 3.9

Driver’s Useful Vision Areas Gathering Useful Visual Information Topic 2 Lesson 2 Driver’s Useful Vision Areas Gathering Useful Visual Information Focus Vision Area (Focal) Includes 3 to 5 degrees of useful information that is used when: Targeting Establishing a Visual Lead Reading Signs and Interpreting Signals T – 3.10

Driver’s Useful Vision Areas Gathering Useful Visual Information Topic 2 Lesson 2 Driver’s Useful Vision Areas Gathering Useful Visual Information Central Vision Area (Inner Fringe) 30 to 36 degrees of useful information that includes: Referencing Vehicle Position to Roadway Viewing Path of Travel Viewing Line of Sight to Target Area T – 3.11

Driver’s Useful Vision Areas Gathering Useful Visual Information Topic 2 Lesson 2 Gathering Useful Visual Information Peripheral Vision Peripheral Vision Peripheral Vision (Outer Fringe Area) 175-180 degrees of useful information that detects: Motion Changes Color Changes T – 3.12

Visual Fields in Operation Topic 2 Lesson 3 Capacity of Visual Fields Focus Vision Focus Vision (Focal/Foveal) Visual Lead, Targeting, Signs, Signals Central Vision Central Vision (Limited Fringe Area) Referencing, Path of Travel, Sightlines Peripheral Vision Peripheral Vision Motion and Color Changes T – 3.13

Visual Fields in Operation Topic 2 Lesson 3 Visual Fields in Operation Standard Visual Target and Reference Fields for Lane Position 1 Path of Travel Target When focus vision is on the selected target in the center of the path of travel, the central or inner fringe vision allows the driver to visually place the vehicle in a specific location within the lane. T – 3.14

Line of Sight/Path of Travel Topic 2 Lesson 3 Line of Sight/Path of Travel Line of Sight Limitations or Restrictions When line of sight is restricted or blocked, adjust speed until visual lead, target area, and the line of sight are restored. Target T – 3.15

Effect of Speed on Vision and Steering Topic 2 Lesson 4 Effect of Speed on Vision and Steering VISUAL FIELDS NARROW As speed increases: central vision narrows and blurs peripheral vision decreases changes in steering will cause exaggerated vehicle movements T – 3.16

Effect of Speed on Vision Topic 2 Lesson 4 Effect of Speed on Vision As speed increases, look farther ahead of your vehicle to increase line of sight (LOS) and search your path of travel (POT) to: allow more time to gather information; lengthen total visual field, giving more time for adequate response; and place more space between other users and your vehicle so sudden steering changes are held to a minimum. T – 3.17

Determining Following Intervals Topic 2 Lesson 4 Determining Following Intervals Fixed Object or Shadow One Thousand One One Thousand Two One Thousand Three One Thousand Four T – 3.18

Time, Speed, and Distance Topic 2 Lesson 4 Time, Speed, and Distance Time, Speed and Distance on Dry Pavement Vehicle Ft./Sec. Speed Travel Following Interval 2 Sec. 3 Sec. 4 Sec. 1/2 sec 3/4 sec Total Steer Brake Brake Dist. Dist. Dist. 30 mph 44 f/s 88 ft. 132 ft. 176 ft. 22 ft. 33 ft. 80 ft. 40 mph 58 f/s 116 ft. 174 ft. 232 ft. 29 ft. 44 ft. 125 ft. 50 mph 74 f/s 148 ft. 222 ft. 296 ft. 37 ft. 56 ft. 190 ft. 60 mph 88 f/s 176 ft. 264 ft. 352 ft. 44 ft. 66 ft. 275 ft. 70 mph 104 f/s 208 ft. 312 ft. 416 ft. 52 ft. 78 ft. 385 ft. Formula for approximate feet per second traveled: Speed + ½ speed = FPS traveled T – 3.19

Topic 2 Lesson 4 Following Intervals 2 Seconds… Allows driver time to steer out of problem areas at all listed speeds on a dry surface and stop before problem areas at speeds under 35 mph. 3 Seconds… Allows driver time to steer out of problem areas at all listed speeds on dry surface and stop before problem areas at speeds to 45 mph. 4 Seconds… Allows driver to steer out of problem areas at speeds up to 65 mph on dry surface and stop before problem areas at speeds to the legal limit of 65 mph. Most factory equipped passenger car tires are not designed to steer out of problem areas at speeds beyond 75 mph. At such speeds, speed rated tires are required due to increased tire heat and reduced traction caused by excessive sidewall flexion--especially on curves or when turning. T – 3.20

Space Management System Topic 2 Lesson 4 Good Drivers Develop a Space Management System S earch E valuate E xecute i n T ime T-3.20a