Team Members: Justin Schlee Brendin Johnson Jeff Eggebraaten Anne Mousseau Preliminary Design Review

Problem Statement, Specifications, and Deliverables Project Learning Vehicle to Grid (V2G) Variable Power Rates Battery Chargers Marketing Research Budget Schedule Challenges Future Work Outline 2

The demand for plug-in electric vehicles is increasing rapidly which may pose potential problems in terms of supplying required power to these electric vehicles’ batteries. Idaho Power wants to know what issues the additional load of electric vehicles to the electric grid might cause. Problem Statement 3

Specifications 1) Determine the Effects of Electric Vehicle Battery Charging 2) Research Electric Vehicle Projected Market Population Density 3) Determine the Power Characteristics of a Common Electric Vehicle Battery Charger 4) Determine Mitigation Strategy for Power Quality Issues 4

Deliverables Final Report EV Power Quality Report EV Market Research Report EV Charging Report Mitigation Strategy Report Simulation Report Case Study Simulations 5

Power Sellback – V2G Benefits Peak Shaving Load Regulation Challenges Harmonics Protection Tripping Safety 6

Benefits: Peak Shaving Electric vehicles could provide power during peak usage, thereby reducing the overall required capacity Load Regulation Electric vehicles could be used throughout the day to provide and consume power as necessary to compensate for regional fluctuations in power usage 7

Challenges: Harmonics Inverters used in battery chargers to deliver power back to the grid will introduce harmonics Protection Tripping Harmonics on the grid could cause voltage and current spikes that may trip protection devices Safety Power being supplied by an electric vehicle could continue to flow into a fault after all existing protective devices have tripped off-line 8

Direction of Progress Harmonics : Determine what the most common THD rating of EV chargers is likely to be in the near future Determine what effects harmonic voltages will have on the power grid Determine what effects power correction capacitor banks will have on harmonic voltages Load Regulation: Determine how much total regulation will be available at different market penetration levels Determine the value of EV regulation to utilities 9

Variable Power Rates Pros of PSE’s Variable Rate Plan: About 5% of total power usage was shifted to off-peak hours Overall electricity usage was reduced by 6% An overall positive reaction from the customers for the incentive to use energy more efficiently 10 Source: Puget Sound Energy

Variable Power Rates Cons of PSE’s Variable Rate Plan: To break even customers would have needed to use more than half their electricity during the lowest rate hours. This was an inconvenience for some families who felt that the time-of-day plan was incompatible with their lifestyle. 11 Source: Puget Sound Energy

Conductive Charger Levels Level 1 Convenience Plug into common wall outlet 1-Phase 120 V AC, 15 A* AC 1.44 kW (max) Level 2 Private/Public Requires EV Supply equipment installation 1 Phase V AC, 30-60A AC 14.4 kW (max) Level 3 Opportunity Requires commercial equipment installation 3 Phase V AC, 400 A AC 240 kW (max)** * Receptacle rating (maximum continuous current of 12 A). ** Maximum allowed by standards 12 Source: C.C Chan, K.T. Chau

Harmonic Effects of Charging Harmonic Distortion Excessive harmonics could damage large capacitive banks used for power factor correction Harmonics could cause over-current, over-voltage and under- voltage protection devices to have false alarms or trip As harmonic currents flow through the power transformer with a delta connection, the triplen harmonic component can circulate within the delta loop which could result in over heating 13 Source: C.C Chan, K.T. Chau

Market Research Why is market research needed? To predict the future number of PHEV’s on the road. 14

Market Research Gathered Information National Numbers National Yearly Sales (Autodata) Projected PHEV new car sales (E.P.R.I.) Number of cars on the road per year (D.O.T.) Regional Numbers Number of cars registered in Idaho (Idaho D.M.V) Number of cars registered in Ada county (Idaho D.M.V) Results Projected number of PHEV’s in Idaho Projected number of PHEV’s in Ada county 15

Source: EPRI Projected Plug-in Electric Vehicle Market Share 16 Share of New Vehicle Sales Year

Projected Number of PHEV in Ada County 17

Budget 18

Schedule 19

Anticipated Problems Time Working in parallel Decomposition of Tasks Cost of Reports IEEE Explore Energy Insights EPRI’s Free Reports Learning Curve for Simulation Software Added Extra Time for Learning Assigned a Simulation Lead (Jeff) 20

Future Work Project Learning SynerGEE Software System Upgrades Power Quality Simulations Base-Line Case Study Projected Future Load V2G Study Variable Pricing Study Power Quality/Mitigation Study 21

Questions? 22

Variable Power Rates Case Study: Puget Sound Energy’s Variable Rate Plan in 2001 About 300,000 customers adopted the variable rate plan Peak Hours: Monday - Saturday 6:00am – 10:00am : 6.35¢/kWh 5:00pm – 9:oopm : 6.35¢/kW Medium Rate Hours: Monday - Saturday 10:00am – 5:00pm : 5.36 ¢/kW Lowest Rate Hours: Monday - Saturday 9:00pm – 6:00am : 4.7 ¢/kW Sundays and holidays : 4.7 ¢/kW 23

24 Market Research Calculations

Load Regulation 25 Power (KW) or Battery SOC (%) Time Source: A. Brooks, T.Gage Integration of Electric Drive Vehicles with the Electric Power Grid -- a New Value Stream

Basic Charger Information According Hymotion division of A123Systems, charging for the batteries they currently use to convert HV to PHEV charge in hours with a current draw of 15 A at 120V. 26 Source: BatteryUniversity.com

27 Smart Grid Topology