Paradigmas en Sistemas Eléctricos de Potencia Claudio Fuerte Esquivel César Angeles-Camacho Instituto de Ingeniería, UNAM

Power systems: How they work Nuclear Gas or CC Hydro Coal Basics Generation & transmission Substations & transformers Control centers

Red eléctrica Europea

Interconnected Mexican System

Electric Energy Balance Unit commitment

Nowadays, environmental impact is a major factor in the consideration of any new electrical power scheme. In Europe, most governments have programmes to support the generation of electricity using primary energy resources which are benign to the environment, such as Wind Solar - photo-voltaic Micro-hydro Ocean energy Energy from municipal waste Biomass Integración de energías renovables a SEP

Wind Generation Embedded generation plants requires a power electronic systems that is capable of adjusting the generator frequency and voltage to the grid.

Photovoltaic Photovoltaic means electricity from light. The photovoltaic (PV) process converts free solar energy - the most abundant energy source on the planet - directly into electricity. Photovoltaic systems use daylight to power ordinary electrical equipment, e.g., household appliances, computers and lighting.

Fuel Cells A fuel cell converts the chemical energy of hydrogen and oxygen directly to produce water, electricity, and heat. They are therefore inherently clean and efficient and are uniquely able to address the issues of environmental degradation and energy security. They are also safe, quiet and very reliable. Fuelled with pure hydrogen, they produce zero emissions of carbon dioxide, oxides of nitrogen or any other pollutant. Even if fuelled with fossil fuels as a source of hydrogen, noxious emissions are orders of magnitude below those for conventional equipment.

Ocean Power Wave and Tidal Power Generation

Mexican System’s Control Areas

Substation Remote terminal unit SCADA Master Station Communication link Energy control center with EMS EMS alarm display EMS 1-line diagram

State Estimation Analog Measurements P i, Q i, P f, Q f, V, I, θ km Circuit Breaker Status State Estimator Bad Data Processor Network Observability Check Topology Processor V, θ

Centralized –Raw measurements processed at the RTO –Very large scale system model and solution –Rely heavily on the system wide communication Distributed –Each SC executes its own SE –Exchange and coordination of processed data –Topology / Analog errors are processed locally State Estimation for RTOs

RTO Control Area 1 Control Area 2 Control Area 3 Boundary Measurements Estimated States GPS Substation Processors Substation Processors Substation Processors Distributed State Estimation

State Estimation of Systems with FACTS devices Modified SE formulation –Network model is modified to include FACTS device models –Estimation is formulated as a constrained optimization problem to incorporate the FACTS device operation constraints –FACTS device parameters may be estimated as part of the state vector or they may be assumed to be known

Voltage stability region 0 crit x 0 (1) x 0 (2) x crit f(x, ) = 0 espacio de estado, x espacio paramétrico,

Voltage Stability Region

Power Electronics Applications in Electrical Power Systems Power Electronics It deals with the processing of electric power It implies the interaction of three elements: copper (I), Iron (  ) and principally Silicón used to control the conversion. It has revolutionized the way of designing and operate the electrical systems, the final goal is to have intelligent systems. It is one of the fields with major growth: It estimates that at the end of this century, 90 % of the electric power will be processed before his final use.

High-voltage transmission: FACTS Benefits Increase the capacity of existing transmission networks Increase the transmission system reliability and availability Increase dynamic and transient grid stability Enhancement in the quality of the electric energy delivered to customers Environmental benefits

High-voltage transmission: FACTS  The ability of the transmission system to transmit power becomes impaired by one or more of the following steady-state and dynamic limitation Angular stability Voltage magnitude Thermal limits Transient stability Dynamic stability

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