California’s Experience: Air Quality Successes and Challenges Bart Croes, P.E. Chief, Air Quality Data Branch California Air Resources Board (CARB) April 11, 2000 Air Resources Board California Environmental Protection Agency

Lead, SO 2, and NO 2 Air Quality in Los Angeles 3-Year Means Assigned to Last Year

(PM 10 = , Air Toxics= , GSP= ) Change in Air Quality and Growth 1980 to 1998

Los Angeles - NOx Emission Trends Emissions Goal Emissions Today

Los Angeles - ROG Emission Trends Emissions Today Emissions Goal

CARB Mobile Source and Fuels Regulations and Programs New engine emission standards New engine emission standards In-use durability requirements In-use durability requirements Retrofit existing engines Retrofit existing engines Cleaner fuels: gasoline, diesel, natural gas Cleaner fuels: gasoline, diesel, natural gas Promote national and international standards for trucks, ships, and aircraft Promote national and international standards for trucks, ships, and aircraft New technologies for the future New technologies for the future

CARB Emission Standards for Cars ROG NOx Exhaust g/mile Over 99% Reduction from Uncontrolled

Battery Electric Vehicles

California Fuel Cell Partnership

CARB NOx Emission Standards for On-Road Trucks g/hp-hr Possible Future Standards NOx aftertreatment-based 75-90% reduction 2007 goal

CARB PM Emission Standards For On-Road Trucks g/hp-hr truck bus Possible Future Standards PM trap-based ~90% Reduction 2007 goal

Diesel PM and NOx Controls Cleaner diesel fuel Cleaner diesel fuel  Very low sulfur enables after-treatment Exhaust after-treatment Exhaust after-treatment  PM traps > 90% efficient  NOx catalysts 50-90% efficiency potential Alternative fuels: natural gas Alternative fuels: natural gas New technologies: fuel cells New technologies: fuel cells

Cleaner Alternative-Fuel Trucks

Fuel Cell Bus

CARB Cleaner Fuels Program 1992: Eliminated lead from gasoline, limited vapor pressure, required oxygenates in winter to reduce carbon monoxide 1992: Eliminated lead from gasoline, limited vapor pressure, required oxygenates in winter to reduce carbon monoxide 1996: Introduced “cleaner-burning gasoline” to achieve maximum reductions in ozone and toxics 1996: Introduced “cleaner-burning gasoline” to achieve maximum reductions in ozone and toxics 1999: Phase out MTBE by 2002, reduce sulfur and benzene further 1999: Phase out MTBE by 2002, reduce sulfur and benzene further

Cleaner Industrial Sources Best controls on new and existing sources Best controls on new and existing sources Controls for NOx, ROG, SOx, CO, toxics Controls for NOx, ROG, SOx, CO, toxics Diesel particulate matter controls to reduce toxics risk Diesel particulate matter controls to reduce toxics risk

Our Goal Is Clean Air Everyday

California Air Monitoring Sites

California ROG Emissions With Existing Programs Stationary Source 36% Other Mobile 2% Gasoline 50% Diesel 12% Stationary Source 61% Other Mobile 9% Gasoline 17% Diesel 14% 3630 TPD 2390 TPD

California NOx Emissions With Existing Programs Stationary Source 22% Other Mobile 7% Gasoline 37% Diesel 33% Stationary Source 23% Other Mobile 8% Gasoline 24% Diesel 45% 3490 TPD 2800 TPD

Motor Vehicle Control Programs HC NOx CO HCHO Evap Model Year(g/mile)(g/mile)(g/mile)(g/mile)(g/test) Pre-Control TLEV (Transitional) LEV (Low) ULEV (Ultra Low) ZEV (Zero)

Motor Vehicle Fuel Programs Year AdoptedGasolineDieselAlternative Fuels 1971Reid Vapor Pressure Bromine Number 1975Sulfur Manganese/Phosphorus 1976Lead 1981Sulfur (SoCAB) 1982Lead 1988Sulfur/Arom. HC 1990Phase 1 Reformulated 1991Wintertime Oxygenated Phase 2 Reformulated 1992Commercial and Certification Spec. 1994Phase 2 Predictive Model

Status of California Air Quality Attainment (or Close) Attainment (or Close)  Lead  Sulfates  NO 2, carbon monoxide Nonattainment Nonattainment  PM (30% reduction achieved)  Ozone (50% reduction)  Toxics (40-70% reduction)

Peak 8-Hour CO, Population, and Vehicle Miles Traveled (VMT)

Peak Ozone, Population, and Vehicle Miles Traveled (VMT)

Ozone Air Quality In Los Angeles State Standard National Standard

Ozone Exceedance Days In Los Angeles

Ozone Episode Days In Los Angeles

Ozone Exposure In Los Angeles Year 2000 Goal

Days Above 24-Hr PM10 Standard In San Francisco

Annual Geometric Mean PM10 In San Francisco State Standard