1. Particulate Pollution: Overview of the Problem Alan C. Lloyd, Ph.D., Chairman California Air Resources Board COEH Spring Symposium -- April 7, 2000 Air Resources Board California Environmental Protection Agency

2. (PM 10 =1988-98, Air Toxics=1991-96, GSP=1980-96) Change in Air Quality and Growth 1980 to 1998 PM 10 (Annual)

3. Ozone and PM 10 Exposure California 71% Rest of Nation 29% 1-Hour Ozone Exposure 1993-1995 California 43% Rest of Nation 57% Annual Mean PM 10 Exposure 1994-1996

4. Why Focus On PM? Health studies find mortality and illness Health studies find mortality and illness High levels and exposures in California High levels and exposures in California Large number of nonattainment areas Large number of nonattainment areas Brief exposures may be harmful Brief exposures may be harmful Linked to visibility reduction and ozone Linked to visibility reduction and ozone

5. Particulate Matter Complex Mixture of Solids and Liquids Complex Mixture of Solids and Liquids Coarse Particles (2.5 to 10 µm) Coarse Particles (2.5 to 10 µm)  Majority are mechanically generated fugitive dust Fine Particles (0 to 2.5 µm) Fine Particles (0 to 2.5 µm)  Combustion-generated particles  Gas-to-particle conversion of NO x, NH 3, SO x, HC PM 10 Includes PM 2.5 PM 10 Includes PM 2.5

6. PM 10 Daily (50)PM 10 Daily (50) (never to be exceeded) PM 10 Annual (30)PM 10 Annual (30) (geometric mean) PM Air Quality Standards (µg/m 3 ) PM 10 Daily (150)PM 10 Daily (150) (99 th percentile) PM 10 Annual (50)PM 10 Annual (50) (arithmetic mean) PM 2.5 Daily (65)PM 2.5 Daily (65) (98 th percentile) PM 2.5 Annual (15)PM 2.5 Annual (15) (arithmetic mean) California National California’s daily and annual PM 10 standards are as health-protective as the National PM 2.5 standards

7. Characterization and Control

8. Moderate Serious National PM 10 Nonattainment Areas Moderate Serious

9. Maximum 24-Hour PM 10 Concentrations (1996-1998) 0-50 µg/m 3 51-100 µg/m 3 101-150 µg/m 3 >400 µg/m 3

10. Annual PM 10 and PM 2.5 Trends Annual PM (µg/m 3 ) National Annual PM 2.5 Standard State Annual PM 10 Standard PM 10 PM 2.5 SoCAB AGM PM 10 SJVAB AGM PM 10 SJVAB AAM PM 2.5 SoCAB AAM PM 2.5

11. Ammonium Nitrate 33% Carbon 21% Ammonium Sulfate 8% Ammonium Sulfate 13% Ammonium Nitrate 52% Other 1% PM 10 PM 2.5 Other 5% Carbon 28% Total Mass = 79  g/m 3 Total Mass = 41  g/m 3 Crustal 34% Crustal 6% Riverside PM Composition 1995 Annual Average

12. Ammonium Nitrate 26% Fresno Winter PM Composition January 6, 1996 Carbon 47% Ammonium Sulfate 3% Ammonium Sulfate 4% Ammonium Nitrate 31% Other 19% PM 10 PM 2.5 Other 16% Carbon 46% Total Mass = 100  g/m 3 Total Mass = 82  g/m 3 Crustal 8% Crustal 0%

13. San Joaquin Valley Seasonal Variation in PM PM (  g/m 3 ) PM 10

14. California’s PM 2.5 Monitoring Network

15. 6’

16. ATOFMS

17. PMT Diode Laser Nd:YAG Laser Elliptical Mirrors Positive IonsNegative Ions Reflectron Detectors Reflectron Particle entrance

18. ATOFMS \ Bulk vs. individual particle analysis NH 4 + Na + Organics HSO 4 - NO 3 - NH 4 + Na + Organics HSO 4 - NO 3 - NH 4 + Na + Organics HSO 4 - NO 3 - NH 4 + Na + Organics HSO 4 - _ NO 3 - NH 4 + Na + Organics HSO 4 - NO 3 - Na + NH 4 + Organics NO 3 - Organics NH 4 + Na + Organics HSO 4 - NO 3 - Na + HSO 4 - ?? NO 3 -

19. DNA Fingerprint for Three Agricultural Soils

20. South Coast Air Basin NO x Emissions 1997 SIP Attainment Target for O 3 and PM 10 Tons Per Day

21. Relative Risks Based on ARB’s 1995 -1997 ambient monitoring data and estimated diesel PM concentrations Benzene 1,3-Butadiene Hexavalent Chromium Carbon Tetrachloride Formaldehyde para-Dichlorobenzene Perchloroethylene Acetaldehyde All Others Diesel PM Contribution to Statewide Cancer Risk

22. Diesel PM Controls Add-on Controls Add-on Controls Diesel oxidation catalyst, Diesel particulate trap Engine Retrofits Engine Retrofits Cleaner Fuels Cleaner Fuels Lower sulfur, Fuel-borne catalysts Battery Electric Vehicles Battery Electric Vehicles ARB’s ZEV & ZEB Mandates Promote Development California Fuel Cell Partnership California Fuel Cell Partnership

23. Health and Exposure

26. PM 10 Hourly TEOM Measurements During Wildfire Event (Colusa, September 26, 1999) PM 10 Hourly TEOM Measurements During Wildfire Event (Colusa, September 26, 1999) Micrograms/cubic meter National Standard State Standard 24-hour PM 10 Concentration 1-Hr PM 10 Concentration

27. ARB PM Health Studies PAST Macrophage Damage of Diesel Exhaust Macrophage Damage of Diesel ExhaustCURRENT Children’s Health Study (5000 Subjects) Children’s Health Study (5000 Subjects) PM (coarse + fine), NO 2, acid vapors associated with slower lung growth Asthmatic children get bronchitis when there is more PM 10 and NO 2 Smoke Impacts on Sensitive Subpopulations Smoke Impacts on Sensitive Subpopulations Asthmatic and Allergic People

29. 10A.M. - 6 P.M. O 3 (ppb) NO 2 (ppb)PM 10 - PM 2.5 (µg/m 3 )

30. ARB PM Health Studies PLANNED Size and Chemistry Factors Size and Chemistry Factors Ambient PM Ambient PM Mobile Concentrator as Exposure Tool U.S. EPA PM Center and Supersites U.S. EPA PM Center and Supersites Children and Sensitive People Children and Sensitive People Fresno Asthma Study Brief Exposure to Smoke Brief Exposure to Smoke Cumulative Impacts Cumulative Impacts

31. ARB PM Exposure Studies PAST PTEAM (U.S. EPA co-funding) PTEAM (U.S. EPA co-funding) Results: Personal Exposure > Indoor > Ambient In-vehicle Study (SCAQMD co-funding) In-vehicle Study (SCAQMD co-funding) Results: In-vehicle > Roadside > Ambient CURRENT PM Exposures of Sensitive Subpopulations PM Exposures of Sensitive Subpopulations (U.S. EPA co-funding Harvard exposure study) Indoor Cooking Exposures Indoor Cooking ExposuresPLANNED Children’s School Bus Transit Exposures Children’s School Bus Transit Exposures

32. ARB In-Vehicle Study Real-Time Fine Particle Counts (L.A. Freeway, AM Rush Hour, Vent Open)

33. Important Research Issues Is there a threshold? Is there a threshold? Is PM a surrogate? Is PM a surrogate? Is there a magic bullet in PM? Is there a magic bullet in PM? Are all responses clinically important? Are all responses clinically important? What are acute impacts of diesel exhaust particles? What are acute impacts of diesel exhaust particles? Are there brief exposure effects? Are there brief exposure effects?

34. Summary Air pollution impacts are real Air pollution impacts are real The magnitude of impacts vary The magnitude of impacts vary PM (fine and coarse) partially responsible PM (fine and coarse) partially responsible Research must include collaboration on health, exposure, and atmospheric sciences Research must include collaboration on health, exposure, and atmospheric sciences “Zero emissions…zero, nada, nothing, zip” is the answer “Zero emissions…zero, nada, nothing, zip” is the answer