Pandemics Epidemic: disease that affects a number of people in a restricted area . Pandemics: epidemic that spreads to a large region or world wide

PANDEMICS Epidemic: disease that affects a number of people in a restricted area Pandemics: epidemic that spreads to a large region or world wide

AIDS – Origins and Diffusion Where did it come from? Most scientists believe it originated in Africa. Can only be spread by an exchange of body fluids. Scientists believe the virus was transmitted to man after men hunted and ate infected monkey meat or were contaminated by blood. HIV/AIDS first became known in the U.S. among population of otherwise healthy young gay men on the East Coast. Also spread to populations who received contaminated blood during surgery.

AIDS Map - Numbers Less prevalent in developed countries than developing countries because of education and advanced health care

HIV/AIDS - Cartogram

Diffusion of AIDS in Africa Prevalent in sub-Saharan Africa because of cultural practices, religion and lack of education, medical care and medications. Affects economy by killing not only the weak, but the strong, especially the workers an economy depends on.

Life expectancy has been reduced in SSA from 60 years to 35 years in In poverty stricken Africa, there is little money available to spend on the sick and dying Many AIDS patients have to depend on charities for care. Life expectancy has been reduced in SSA from 60 years to 35 years in Several countries.

POTENTIAL POPULATION WITHOUT THE AIDS PANDEMIC. POPULATION PYRAMIDS POTENTIAL POPULATION WITHOUT THE AIDS PANDEMIC.

AIDS – Worldwide Infection Rates Highest numbers found in of Sub-Saharan Africa

Malaria Malaria is a mosquito-borne disease caused by a parasite. People with malaria often experience fever, chills, and flu-like illness. Left untreated, they may develop severe complications and die. Each year 350-500 million cases of malaria occur worldwide, and over one million people die, most of them young children in Africa south of the Sahara. This sometimes fatal disease can be prevented and cured. Bednets, insecticides, and anti-malarial drugs are effective tools to fight malaria in areas where it is transmitted.

The Culprit - Anopheles Mosquitoes Only females carry malaria…

Malaria – Risk Map Most often found in equatorial, developing areas of the world

Malaria – Prevention/Treatment The average cost for potentially life-saving treatments of malaria are estimated to be US $2.68 for a 7-day course of quinine. Inexpensive, treated mosquito bed netting also appears to be the best preventative measure in the spread of malaria.

Influenza Influenza (the flu) is a contagious respiratory illness caused by influenza viruses. The main way that influenza viruses are thought to spread is from person to person by coughs and sneezes.

Spanish Influenza (1918-1919) An estimated 50 million people, about 3% of the world's entire population (approximately 1.6 billion at the time), died of the disease. An estimated 500 million, or 1/3 were infected. Brought to the U.S. by soldiers returning home at the end of World War I. Flu not caused by WWI but more easily spread by cramped quarters and massive troop movement. Struck healthy young people which deprived countries of working class, thereby hurting economy.

Spanish Influenza (1918-1919)

The Black Death (Bubonic Plague) Doctor wearing protective mask and clothing The culprit Gangrene of fingers

The Black Death (Bubonic Plague) Carried by infected fleas on rats from China via the Silk Road and other trade routes, especially merchants ships in the Mediterranean. European plague began in Italy and quickly spread throughout Europe. Good hygiene and proper sanitation almost unknown in Europe at that time. Over the course of 25 years in the mid 14th century, killed between 30-60% of Europe’s population. Resulted in social, religious and political upheaval throughout European in the 15th and 16th centuries.

Diffusion of Black Death From China through Silk Road Begins in Sicily

Diffusion of Black Death From port of Genoa to rest of Europe

Bubonic Plague

H1N1 – Swine Flu In 2009 H1N1 (sometimes called “swine flu”) was a new flu virus. First detected in people in the United States in April 2009. This virus spread from person-to-person worldwide, probably in much the same way that regular seasonal influenza viruses spread. Schools introduced hand sanitizer in bulk to the classrooms. Megacities like Mexico City were affected

Concentrations of Swine Flu in North America

Avian Flu Previous flu pandemics included an outbreak of avian (bird) flu in 2009. Economies of countries affected by both the swine and avian flus suffered as millions of infected animals were destroyed. In countries like the U.S., Thailand and Mexico, sales of poultry decreased because of fear of infection.

Map of Avian Flu Outbreak

Globalization How has globalization impacted the spread of pandemics? People move, diseases move.