Views on the 2015 Agreement: Perspectives of Chinese Expert Zou Ji National Center for Climate Change Strategy and International Cooperation OECD Climate Change Expert Group Forum, March 2015, Paris

Questions for Dialogues Questions from OECD expert: 1. What is needed to incentivise ambitious climate policies? 2. What provisions are needed in the new agreement to do so?

An innovative development path compared to the ones in developed economies in the history Emission per capita GDP per capita/HDI View of innovative development Structure Efficiency Technologies Finance Capacity Policy & Institutions Australia US EU China, India and other emerging Economies: similar level of development; higher carbon efficiency; peak earlier and lower japan Other developing countries Developed Countries

Rationale/Storyline Cumulative CO 2 emission since 1750 (70% from developed countries); Concentration/RF Climate change, its negative impacts, Risks, loss and damage Mitigation Technology Finance and investment Institutional and policies arrangement Development paths: industrialization and modernization since 1750 Growth drivers energy mix and efficiency, technology, Economic structure, income, population pattern Adaptation Technology Finance and investment Institutional and policies arrangement Developed countries Developing countries more vulnerable InnovatingDevelopment Paths Equity: SD opportunities Historic responsibility Development stage Capabilities Nat’l circumstances

CBDR: the basic incentive at global level Historic Responsibility Cumulative emission Leading path dependency Capabilities Income governance Development stage Nat’l circumstances e.g.: resources endowment Equity: equal opportunities to shift into SD/LC paths Deeper and demonstrative leading emission reduction in developed countries Supports in technologies, knowledge, finance, and CB from developed countries Certain future emission room for transition in developing countries Restructuring global supply chain to break path dependency - innovation of development path CBDR: guided by the principles and provisions of the Convention Differentiation: dichotomy between developed and developing countries NDC addresses all the six Durban elements Significant support in finance and technologies to support enhancing actions

Incentives at country level: to ensure SD Less negative impacts of CC (difficult to be felt in short term as an individual decision maker) Income continue to increase in developing countries along with economic modernization Least socioeconomic impacts of response measures (job, fiscal revenue, household income) Upgrade economies and opportunities to move to higher position in the global supply chain Technology change to support higher efficiency Significant financial support Building capacity to address CC Governance: institutional and policy arrangement

Provisions in the 2015 Agreement Among others: Principles, visions, and approaches (e.g., differentiation between developed and developing countries) Mitigation, adaptation Supports in technologies, finance, CB Transparency Other matters

Questions from Chinese expert: 1.How do you understand the context and prioritized agenda in developing countries? 2.How are you well prepared to address the differentiation between developed and developing countries? 3.How do you define and expect China’s role and position?

Thank you for your attention! Zou Ji National Center for Climate Change Strategy and International Cooperation (NCSC)