Dual HGS on E190/195 WATS 28.April 2010 Seite 1 Dual Head-Up Guidance System (HGS) on Embraer 190/195

Dual HGS on E190/195 WATS 28.April 2010 Seite 2 Courtesy of

Dual HGS on E190/195 WATS 28.April 2010 Seite 3 Historic Background Landing Point Designator (Lunar Module) High Level Control of vehicle´s trajectory High Level & Effective Descision Making Input Pilot supported by Computer and Avionics Ideal allocation of tasks: Pilot: Assessing Monitoring Deciding Back-Up for Automation Machine: Precise Thrust Control Data Computations Warnings and Alerts

Dual HGS on E190/195 WATS 28.April 2010 Seite 4 Historic Background Landing Point Designator (Lunar Module) Formed the core of man-machine system Enabled Pilot to remain the active controller Highest Level of Man – Machine Integration

Dual HGS on E190/195 WATS 28.April 2010 Seite 5 Decision for Dual HGS on the Embraer 190/195 family Head-Up Display Formes the core of man-machine system Enables Pilot to remain the active controller Higher Level of Man – Machine Integration

Dual HGS on E190/195 WATS 28.April 2010 Seite 6 Flight Safety and Operational Benefits Risk Assessment Will a flight be safer when using HGS ?

Dual HGS on E190/195 WATS 28.April 2010 Seite 7 Flight Safety and Operational Benefits Risk Assessment AutolandHGS CAT III Where did we start with HGS ? What are the risks?

Dual HGS on E190/195 WATS 28.April 2010 Seite 8 T/O Taxi Traffic, WX Approach, Landing, Taxi Cat IIIa Autoland only used in approach and for landing HGS can be used in all phases of flight Data Flight Safety and Operational Benefits Only approx. 2% of all landings with Autoland During > 97% of all approaches no Safety Benefits with Autoland Autoland Systems limited for straight and standard ILS/MLS Approaches Autoland not capable for PBN/RNP Approaches, (design & certification) HUD Safety Benefits during 100% of all flights from Takeoff until Landing

Dual HGS on E190/195 WATS 28.April 2010 Seite 9 Flight Safety and Operational Benefits Design Σ F = m x a E = ½ m v² Precise Energy - Management Indication Speed Error Tape Flight Path Symbol Acceleration Caret

Dual HGS on E190/195 WATS 28.April 2010 Seite 10 Flight Safety and Operational Benefits Design Instantaneous Indication auf Brake / Autobrake Performance Immediate Decision Tool Reduced Risk of Runway Overrun /Excursion RWY 2500 LO MED HI

Dual HGS on E190/195 WATS 28.April 2010 Seite 11 Flight Safety and Operational Benefits Data Improved Touch Down Performance Improved Landing Footprint No HGSWith HGS CRJ MUC RWY 08R

Dual HGS on E190/195 WATS 28.April 2010 Seite 12 Flight Safety and Operational Benefits Analysis Head-Up Flight Operations Full Time Providing Greater Situational and Operational Awareness Superior Precision Control and Energy Management in all Regimes of Flight Low Visibility Takeoff on Type II and Type III localizers Category II/III Approaches Rollout Guidance for AIII mode Reduced ILS Interference RNP / GLS / PBN / LPV Approaches Runway Remaining Deceleration Rate Index Tailstrike Advisory Smoother TCAS Corrective Guidance No Transition Head-Down to Head –Up at DA(H Reduce Minima by replacing or supplementing approach and runway lighting Improved Single Engine Operation in T/O Weather Avoidance Superior Steep Turns / Stall Recovery Flight Path Reference – Visual Approaches Better Energy Management During Rejected Takeoffs (RTO) EVS / Synthetic Vision Intuitive Upset Recovery A/L Capability

Dual HGS on E190/195 WATS 28.April 2010 Seite 13 Flight Safety and Operational Benefits Analysis Results Autoland HGS CAT III

Dual HGS on E190/195 WATS 28.April 2010 Seite 14 Flight Safety and Operational Benefits Risks Do Pilots become HGS criples? Will they maintain PFD or Head down skills ? Flying against the sun? Flying at night ?

Dual HGS on E190/195 WATS 28.April 2010 Seite 15 Flight Safety and Operational Benefits Analysis HGS Symbology compatible with PFD Flight Path Vector Flight Path Angle

Dual HGS on E190/195 WATS 28.April 2010 Seite 16 4 HGS Proficiency Levels Level 1 : Initial Introduction Tunnelling, Fixation, Adaptation (can be reduced using FTD) Level 2 : Secondary Awareness Prioritizing the information acquisition (FFS Phase) Level 3 : A World beyond the combiner Integration HGS into conformal world and combining other cockpit information Level 4 : The HUD as another flight Deck Tool / HGS as the Primary Flight Display Reference Final Stage of proficiency, symbology becomes second nature Pilot becomes more aware of air mass effect and performance (Aircraft) Flight Safety and Operational Benefits

Dual HGS on E190/195 WATS 28.April 2010 Seite 17 Flight Safety and Operational Benefits Analysis Results RISK = Threat Defence Measures

Dual HGS on E190/195 WATS 28.April 2010 Seite 18 The system is: human(s) + machine Optimize the system, not the machine Mindell´s Law*) : Flight Safety and Operational Benefits Analysis Results

Dual HGS on E190/195 WATS 28.April 2010 Seite 19 Flight Safety and Operational Benefits Analysis Results Conclusions of Report September 2009 HGS would have likely or highly likely prevented the following percentage of a accidents –38% of all the accidents/incidents 69% of Takeoff and Landing Accidents 57% of Loss-of-Control Accidents 33% of Miscellaneous Accidents 19% of Propulsion Accidents 3% of Undercarriage related accidents The most influential individual HGS safety properties were: –Flight Path Vector –Flight Path Acceleration –Speed Error Tape

Dual HGS on E190/195 WATS 28.April 2010 Seite 20 Flight Safety and Operational Benefits Analysis Results Why are dual HUDs standard on the B 787 Dreamliner ? Principal argument: “Standard equipment dual HUDs will save at least one aircraft over the life of the program” 90% of customers wanted dual HUDs but Boeing assumed only 10 to 20% would select the option –Limited “hard” payback on autoland equipped aircraft –Most airlines have difficulty quantifying safety benefit

Dual HGS on E190/195 WATS 28.April 2010 Seite 21 Flight Safety and Operational Benefits Analysis Results Increased Situation Awareness for both pilots Conformal Flight Path Vector with HUD compatible to HDD Real Time Aircraft Energy Monitoring and improved assessment of deviations Increased Landing Accuracy (Landing Footprint) Reduced Risk of Hard Landings / Tailstrike Visual Indication of Brake Performance and Remaining Runway Improved Decision Making Tool during Takeoff, Approach and Landing Intuitive Guidance during abnormal situations, e.g. Unusual Attitude, Engine failure

Dual HGS on E190/195 WATS 28.April 2010 Seite 22 Flight Safety and Operational Benefits Risk Assessment Will a flight be safer when using HGS ? Yes !

Dual HGS on E190/195 WATS 28.April 2010 Seite 23 Flight Safety and Operational Benefits Analysis Results Both Pilots need the same level of information Both pilots need to have the same tools for HGS benefits Both pilots are active controllers ! Dual Independant HGS Installation Decision:

Dual HGS on E190/195 WATS 28.April 2010 Seite 24 Operational Aspects Flight Safety and Operational Benefits Reduced Minimas with HUD (EU OPS: Lower than CAT I/II minimas) PBN / RNP Capability - Operational Benefits with EGNOS starting end of 2009 PBN / RNP Takeoff and Go-around GBAS / LPV approaches evolving October 2009: FAA CAT I : 1400 ft / DH 150 ft CAT IIIb Capability (FAA) All Approaches using the same operational procedures

Dual HGS on E190/195 WATS 28.April 2010 Seite 25 Flight Safety and Operational Benefits Operational Benefits Will a flight be more economical with HGS ? Yes !

Dual HGS on E190/195 WATS 28.April 2010 Seite 26 Operating Philosophy HGS Operation HGS will be used during all phases of flight All Approaches will use the same SOPs. Flight Path - Energy Flying Pitch - Power Use of an appropriate Level of Automation is a Standard Procedure Manual Flying while using Autothrottle Practicing Manual Flying Skills is encouraged (  Pilots to keep proficient with basic flying skills) First Officers qualified to conduct CAT III Approaches (2011)

Dual HGS on E190/195 WATS 28.April 2010 Seite 27 Achievements HGS Operation CAT III Operational Approval after 6 weeks of Operation GPS Approaches - RNP ready Steep Approach Approval into London City Airport (5,5°) E190 only All Non Precision Approaches flown as CDA - like an ILS Flight Path Controlled Landing Technique

Dual HGS on E190/195 WATS 28.April 2010 Seite 28 Training Outline & Requirements Training Competency-Based Training and Assessment DOC 9868 New setup of Training to include FTD and FFS

Dual HGS on E190/195 WATS 28.April 2010 Seite 29 Training Outline & Requirements Training JetBlue First Dual HGS Operator on E 190 in 2006 Advanced Training and Qualification Program on A320 and E190 HGS Training from Day 1 CBT Home Study Phase Use of FTD and FFS Solution Based Training Task Allocation

Dual HGS on E190/195 WATS 28.April 2010 Seite 30 Training Outline & Requirements Training Basic CAT III Training in FTD System Knowledge using FTD Integrating HGS Training Procedure Training

Dual HGS on E190/195 WATS 28.April 2010 Seite 31 Training Outline & Requirements Training Criterias as per JAR FCL Elimination of Memory Items and use of QRC Extended Training for unreliable airspeed and altitude Flying with STBY Instruments only Double Engine Failure CAT III Operation with Single Engine Operation Emergency Descend with pilot´s incapacitation Special Training Event without the use of a QRH

Dual HGS on E190/195 WATS 28.April 2010 Seite 32 Growth Capability Future Developements Enhanced Vision System Synthetic Vision System Technical Feasibility vs. Economy

Dual HGS on E190/195 WATS 28.April 2010 Seite 33 Growth Capability Future Developements Takeoff Safety Enhancement: Thrust = F = m x a Insufficient Thrust: Precise Tool for Abort Decision

Dual HGS on E190/195 WATS 28.April 2010 Seite 34 Growth Capability Future Developements Takeoff and Landing Safety Enhancement: Remaining Runway Alert Precise Tool for Landing Abort Decision

Dual HGS on E190/195 WATS 28.April 2010 Seite 35 Research Future Developments M.I.T Center for Automation, Robotics & Society MIT International Center for Air Transportation Evaluation & Verification of Training Programs with Studies and Future Concepts

Dual HGS on E190/195 WATS 28.April 2010 Seite 36 The Journey has started Thank You !