The Last West and the New South Daniel Acosta Zamir Borja Helen Cai

The West-Settlement of In the 1800s  “Great American Desert”  Arid Land  Great Herds of Buffalo  Native Americans the Last Frontier By the 1900s  Modernized  10 New States  Endangered Buffalo  Depleted Native American Population and Culture  Pioneers: Miners, Cattlemen & Cowboys, Farmers Land Between The Mississippi & The Pacific

The Mining Frontier The West-Settlement of the Last Frontier Discovery of Gold  Steady Migration of Prospectors  Boomtowns  Immigration Increased Miner’s Tax Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882  Resolved Currency Crisis  Native Americans Lost Land

The Cattle Frontier The West-Settlement of the Last Frontier  Free, Wild Herds of Cattle  Construction of Railroads Cow Towns Were Established Eased Cattle Transportation  Overgrazing  Winter Blizzard and Drought  Homesteaders  Huge Ranches  Beef Dominated American Diets  Legend of the Cowboy Effects

Homestead Act of 1862  160 Acres of Free Land to Encourage Farming on Great Plains  Best Land Went to Railroad Co. and Speculators The West-Settlement of the Last Frontier The Farming Frontier  Invention of Barbed Wire & Mail-Order Windmills Drilled Deep Wells Helped  Severe Weather, Falling Crops Prices, and Rising Cost of New Machinery Ruined Many  “Dry Farming”, Deep- Plowing, Dams and Irrigation Saved Many

Turner’s Frontier Thesis  End of Frontier with the Settlement of Oklahoma Territory  Frederick Jackson Turner wrote “The Significance of the Frontier in American History” Frontier Promoted Independence, Individualism, and Broke Down Social Divisions Feared the end of Fresh Land Would Lead to Conflicts Similar to Europe The West-Settlement of the Last Frontier The Farming Frontier

 The Frontier was the Native American Homeland  Increased Settlement led to Removal and Loss of Freedom  Misunderstanding between U.S. govt and Plains Indians’ Lifestyle The West-Settlement of the Last Frontier Removal of Native Americans

Reservationist Policy  President Andrew Jackson Removed Eastern Native Americans to Lands West of the Mississippi  Broken as Transcontinental Railroad was Planned, Wagons increased, and Reservations were Increasingly Assigned  Plains Tribes Refused to Cooperate The West-Settlement of the Last Frontier Removal of Native Americans Indian Wars  Increased Migration of Miners, Cattlemen, and Homesteaders  Fighting Broke Out Between Indians and U.S. Troops Sioux Wars Sand Creek, CO Little Big Horn  Treaties Made and Broken  Most of Buffalo Slaughtered

Assimilationists  Helen Hunt Jackson, A Century of Dishonor  Emphasized Education, Training and Conversion to Chritianity Carlisle School The West-Settlement of the Last Frontier Removal of Native Americans Dawes Severalty Act (1887)  Divided Tribal Lands into Plots of 160 Acres or Less per Family  25 Years or More Led to Citizenship  Best Land Sold Disease and Poverty Ravaged Population Ghost Dance  Final Effort to Drive Whites from Ancestral Lands  U.S. Govt Suppressed Movement Wounded Knee Sitting Bull

The West-Settlement of the Last Frontier Removal of Native Americans U.S. Policy in 20 th Century  Grated U.S. Citizenship to All Native Americans  Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 Promoted Reestablishment of Tribal Organization and Culture

The New South  South was continuing to recover from the devastating Civil War  Some had the vision of a self-sufficient Southern economy  Henry Grady, a newspaper writer began to write articles for economic diversity, and laissez-faire capitalism

The New South: Economic Progress  Prospering Southern Cities- Memphis, Tennessee Richmond, Virginia  South overtaking New England in Textile Industry and cotton because of cheap labor  Railroads helped in postwar growth in the South

The New South: Continued Poverty  South was a poor, agricultural area  Economy was dominated by the North  Most southerners were farmers, making it difficult for them to make a good living  The poverty of the majority was caused by two main factors: The South’s late start at Industrialization A Poorly Educated Workforce  Failed to invest in technical and engineering schools unlike the North

The New South: Agriculture  “Cotton is King”  However, some tried to diversify the crops instead of staying on cotton George Washington Carver  Organizations were made to start political reforms to solve the farmers’ economic problems Farmers’ Southern Alliance Colored Farmers’ National Alliance

The New South: Segregation  Discrimination and the Supreme Court- Civil Rights Cases of 1883 Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)  “Separate But Equal Accommodations” Jim Crow Laws  Segregated Facilities for Balcks and Whites

The New South: Responding to Segregation  Bishop Henry Turner International Migration Society  Ida B. Wells Fighting against lynching and the Jim Crow laws Had to move to the North Free Speech

The New South: Responding to Segregation  Booker T. Washington National Negro Business League Teaching African Americans skilled trades, the virtues of hard work and economic self help  WEB Du Bois Demanded an end to segregation and the granting of equal rights civil rights to all Americans

Farm Problems: North, South, and West Changes in Agriculture  Falling Prices  Rising Costs

Important Supreme Court Cases:  Munn vs. Illinois (1877): The Supreme Court upheld the right of a state to regulate businesses of a public nature, such as railroads.  Wabash vs. Illinois (1886): Individual states could not regulate interstate commerce. This decision nullified many of the state regulations achieved by the Grangers. Farm Problems: North, South, and West

Oliver H. Kelley Farm Problems: North, South, and West

Important Acts of Congress:  Interstate Commerce Act (1886): It required that railroad rates be “reasonable and just”. Also it setup the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC), which was mainly useless for farmers and instead helped railroads. Farm Problems: North, South, and West

The End! Don’t Worry, We’re More Than Halfway Through Now People =] Paul Says YAY!