1. The Last West and the New South, 1865-1900 Mr. Miguel Academy of Our Lady Of Guam

2. The West: Settlement of the Last Frontier Post Civil War movement to the West – the “Great American Desert”Post Civil War movement to the West – the “Great American Desert” By 1900By 1900 –Virtually no more frontier –All buffalo herds had been wiped out –10 new western states carved out –Native Americans even more displaced

3. The Mining Frontier California Gold Rush only beginningCalifornia Gold Rush only beginning Gold in Colorado, Nevada, South Dakota, Idaho, Montana, ArizonaGold in Colorado, Nevada, South Dakota, Idaho, Montana, Arizona 1/3 miners = Chinese immigrants1/3 miners = Chinese immigrants –Nativisits resented competition –Chinese Exclusion Act of 1862 Impact of miningImpact of mining –Vast increase in the supply of silver –Environmental scars –Native Americans

4. The Cattle Frontier Wild herds of 5 million cattle roaming TexasWild herds of 5 million cattle roaming Texas –Easy business to get into The railroad industry as a catalystThe railroad industry as a catalyst The Long Drive The Long Drive Abrupt end to the drivesAbrupt end to the drives –Arrival of homesteaders and use of barbed wire –Overgrazing –Blizzard of 1885-1886 –Wealthy ranch owners take command

5. The Farming Frontier Homestead Act of 1862Homestead Act of 1862 –Offered 160 acres of public land –For any family that settled on it for 5 years –Encouraged families to move west ProblemsProblems –Extreme weather –Plagues –Lonesome life –Drought –Lack of wood for fencing  barbed wire Joseph Glidden, 1874Joseph Glidden, 1874

6. Turners Frontier Thesis 1890 – U.S. Census Bureau declares the “end of the frontier”1890 – U.S. Census Bureau declares the “end of the frontier” Everything had been settledEverything had been settled “The Significance of the Frontier in American History” (1893)“The Significance of the Frontier in American History” (1893) –1. promoted a habit of independence and individualism –Broke down class distinctions –Encouraged inventiveness and practicality –Wastefulness of natural resources

7. So…what’s next?

8. The Removal of Native Americans Tribes on the Great PlainsTribes on the Great Plains –Sioux, Blackfoot, Cheynne, Crow, Comanche 1851 - Reservations1851 - Reservations Indian Wars, 1864-1880sIndian Wars, 1864-1880s Assimilation: Dawes Severalty Act (1887)Assimilation: Dawes Severalty Act (1887) –Goal: break up tribal organizations and transforming them to civilized and law abiding citizens –US citizenship if one stayed on land for 25 years –failure Aftermath: U.S. Policy in the 20 th CenturyAftermath: U.S. Policy in the 20 th Century

10. The New South: Economic Progress Economic improvementEconomic improvement Birmingham, Alabama: SteelBirmingham, Alabama: Steel Memphis, Tennessee: LumberMemphis, Tennessee: Lumber Richmond, Virginia: TobaccoRichmond, Virginia: Tobacco RailroadsRailroads Tremendous postwar growht form 1865-1900 in terms of population, industry, and railroadsTremendous postwar growht form 1865-1900 in terms of population, industry, and railroads

11. The New South: Continued Poverty BUT…still primarily agriculturalBUT…still primarily agricultural Controlled by the North economicallyControlled by the North economically 2 chief factors not related to northern capitalists2 chief factors not related to northern capitalists –South’s late start at industrialization –Poorly educated workforce

12. The New South: Agriculture Between 1870 and 1900 – acres planted in cotton more than doubledBetween 1870 and 1900 – acres planted in cotton more than doubled BUT…increase in cotton supply means decease in cotton pricesBUT…increase in cotton supply means decease in cotton prices By 1900, ½ of white farmers + ¾ of black famers become tenants/sharecroppersBy 1900, ½ of white farmers + ¾ of black famers become tenants/sharecroppers Tied to debtTied to debt Formation of the Farmers Southern AllianceFormation of the Farmers Southern Alliance

13. The New South: Segregation End of reconstruction = end of protection for freedmanEnd of reconstruction = end of protection for freedman Discrimination and the Supreme CourtDiscrimination and the Supreme Court –Civil Rights Cases of 1883 Congress could not legislate against the racial discrimination practiced by private citizensCongress could not legislate against the racial discrimination practiced by private citizens –Plessy v. Ferguson “separate but equal accommodations”“separate but equal accommodations”

14. The New South: Loss of Civil Rights Political and Legal devisesPolitical and Legal devises –Literacy Tests –Poll Taxes –Political party nominations for whites only –Grandfather clause Economic discriminationEconomic discrimination

15. Responding to Segregation: Booker T. Washington

16. Responding to Segregation: W.E. Du Bois

17. Farm Problems: North, South, and West

18. Changes in Agriculture Increasingly commercialized nad specializedIncreasingly commercialized nad specialized Falling PricesFalling Prices –Increased production + global competition –Static money supply –Debt and foreclosure Rising CostsRising Costs –Farmers victimized –Corporations and monopolistic trusts –Unfair taxes

20. Price Indexes for Consumer & Farm Products: 1865-1913

21. Fighting Back National Grange MovementNational Grange Movement –1868, Oliver H. Kelley –Primarily as social + educational organization for farmers –By 1870, take political action –By 1873, Granges in almost every state –Established cooperatives –Granger Laws d

22. Interstate Commerce Act (1886) Required railroads rates to be reasonable and justRequired railroads rates to be reasonable and just Set up Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC)Set up Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) –Power to investigate and prosecute pools, rebates, and other discriminatory practices

23. Farmer’s Alliance Begun in the late 1880sBegun in the late 1880s Built upon the ashes of the GrangeBuilt upon the ashes of the Grange More political and less social than the GrangeMore political and less social than the Grange Ran candidates for officeRan candidates for office Controlled 8 state legislatures and had representatives in Congress during the 1890sControlled 8 state legislatures and had representatives in Congress during the 1890s

25. United We Stand, Divided We Fall  In 1889 both the Northern and Southern Alliances merged into one—the Farmers’ Alliance.

26. Ocala Platform 1890, farmers meet and form The National Alliance1890, farmers meet and form The National Alliance –Meant to address the problems of rural America DemandedDemanded –Direct election of U.S. Senators –Lower Tariff Rates –A Graduated income tax –A new banking system regulated by the federal government Foundations of the Populist MOvementFoundations of the Populist MOvement