Animal Science Introduction to Animal Science

What is Animal Science?  Care, management and production of domestic animals  Animals used for food, clothing & tools  What was the first domesticated animal? Dog for tracking, then herding

Domestication  After animals become domesticated, they become dependent on man  Most can’t survive in wild  Most poultry can’t fly  Sheep don’t shed wool  Cows produce 20,000 lbs milk / year  Birds produce 250 eggs / yr. (20 in wild)

Animal Use as Food  Meat - (muscle tissue) Beef, Pork, Lamb, Goat, Poultry  Most efficient way to get protein  Only way to harvest some natural resources like grass  Milk - inexpensive source of protein  Cheese, ice cream, yogurt  Eggs - pastries, mayonnaise, custards

Animal Use as By-Products  Bones - buttons, glue, mineral supplement for livestock feed (Calcium)  Fat - chemicals, salves, creams, dressings, lubricants, soaps, food  Glands - medicines, food additives  Collagen - (connective tissue in joints) glue & gelatin  Intestinal & Stomach tissue - lunch meats, surgical sutures, strings for musical & sports instruments (contents = fertilizer)

Cultivate land Transportation Animals Use as Work

Control other animals Assist physically & mentally handicapped Rehabilitation of disabled

Other Animal Use  Hides - leather  Hair - wool, mohair, fiber  Lab Animals - mice, rats, guinea pigs etc.  Pets

What is the future of Animal Science?  Embryo Transplant - can produce 20 calves from one cow per year  Cloning - using an animal cell to grow an identical duplicate animal  Animal “Pharming” – producing animals to produce drugs and chemicals

Terminology of Animal Science  Cow- a female bovine that has had offspring  Bull- a male bovine capable of reproducing  Heifer- a young female bovine that has not had offspring  Steer- a castrated male bovine  Calf- a young bovine (less than 30 mo)  Calve- the act of giving birth to a calf

Terminology of Animal Science  Wean- to remove a young animal from it’s mother  Colostrum- nutrient rich milk from the mother following birth  Lactation- the period when a female produces milk after a birth  Freshen- when a female produces milk prior to giving birth  Cull- the act of removing unproductive animals from a group

Terminology of Animal Science  Sow- a female hog that has given birth  Boar- a male hog capable of breeding  Gilt- a young female porcine  Barrow- a young male porcine  Piglets- very young porcine  Farrow- the act of giving birth to piglets  Litter- a group of piglets born at one time

Terminology of Animal Science  Ewe- a female sheep that has lambed  Ram- a male sheep also known as buck  Ewe lamb- a young female ovine  Whether- a castrated male ovine  Lamb- a young ovine  Lambing- the act of giving birth to lambs  Dock- the act of removing the tail of a young lamb

Terminology of Animal Science  Mutton- the meat of sheep animals  Shearing- the act of removing wool or mohair from an animal  Wool- natural fiber produced by ovines  Mohair- a less textured hair usually harvested from goats for fiber  Cashmere- a valuable hair from cashmere goats

Terminology of Animal Science  Doe- a female goat that has reproduced, also called a nanny  Buck- a male goat capable of reproducing  Kid- a young caprine  Kidding- the act of giving birth to young caprine  Chevon- a goat grown for meat

Terminology of Animal Science  Mare- an adult female horse  Stallion- a male horse capable of reproducing also called a stud  Gelding- a castrated male equine  Foal- a young equine  Colt- a young male equine  Filly- a young female equine  Draft- a horse produced for work

Terminology of Animal Science  Hen- a female chicken  Rooster- a male chicken also known as a cock  Capon- a castrated male rooster  Clutch- a set of eggs being hatched  Molt- the act of losing feathers  Layers- poultry used to produce eggs  Fryers- poultry used for meat

Terminology of Animal Science  Pedigree- tracking the ancestors of an animal  Breed- a variety of animal with specific traits  Breed Association- a group of producers that ensure breed traits  Commodity Group- a group of producers producing a similar product

Anatomy and Physiology  Skeletal System  Made of bone and cartilage  Gives the animal structure and flexibility  Protects the organs of the animal  Joints use tendons and ligaments  Marrow in bones produces red blood cells

Types of Bones  FLAT

Irregular

Anatomy and Physiology  Muscular System  Provides movement for animal and supports life  Keeps blood flowing and cells living  Helps with digestion of food  Provides a proteins source for humans  Voluntary and involuntary, smooth and striated, and red and white

Anatomy and Physiology  Circulatory System  Heart and blood vessels  Arteries and Veins  Provides oxygen and nutrients to each individual cell  Removes wastes from the cells

DID YOU KNOW….  A Blue Whale’s heart is the same size as a VW Bug??

Anatomy and Physiology  Respiratory System  Consists of lungs and airways  Provides necessary oxygen to bloodstream  Removes carbon dioxide from the bloodstream

Anatomy and Physiology  Nervous and Endocrine Systems  Nervous system is brain, spinal cord, nerves and nerve endings  Endocrine system is series of glands that secrete hormones  Hormones have chemical effect on body organs

Anatomy and Physiology  Digestive System  Provides the bloodstream with necessary nutrients to deliver to cells  Breaks food into basic nutrients to be used by the body  Removes unneeded products  Can be simple (monogastric) or ruminant (polygastric)

Anatomy and Physiology  Digestive System- Simple  Human, Pig, Dog, Horse, Birds  Animal ingests food  Food is chemically broken down into elements by acid in the stomach  Elements are absorbed by intestines  Waste is excreted

Anatomy and Physiology  Digestive System- Ruminant  Cow, Sheep, Goats, Deer  Animal ingests food  Rumen ferments cellulosic fiber  Reticulum filters contents  Omasum extracts water in layers  Abomasum is true stomach where chemical breakdown takes place

Anatomy and Physiology  Reproductive System  Ovaries and testes produce cells  Female cells are called eggs or ovum  Male cells are called sperm  Animals mate and cells are combined  Each sex cell contributes one half of offspring’s DNA

 Pregnancy- carrying a fetus  Fertilization-the union of the egg and sperm nuclei  Conception- Occurrence of fertilization  Ovulation- Release of an ovule from the female  Gestation- The time from fertilization or conception of a female until she gives birth

Female Reproductive System

 Vulva: Exterior portion of reproductive tract, and opening of reproductive tract, provides visual signs of heat.  Vagina: Between vulva and cervix, channel for birth and copulation (cows and ewes, semen is deposited here)  Cervix: “Mouth of the womb,” Divides vagina and uterus and is opening into uterus. (Mares and sows, semen is deposited here). At birth, cervix stretches to allow baby to pass. During pregnancy, cervix become blocked with a mucous plug to prevent infection.  Uterus: Provides nourishment for fetus

 Horns of Uterus: Two branches of uterus. Where fetus grows  Fallopian Tube: Where fertilization occurs, lined with cilia which aid in egg migration.  Ovaries: Houses all eggs, possess large number of eggs in all stages of development. Produces hormones

Male Reproductive System

 Testes: Produce sperm and testosterone  Epididymis: Tube connects to testes, collects and stores sperm  Vas Deferens: Tube connects to epididymus, transports sperm  Penis: Places sperm in female  Sperm: Male Reproductive Cell  Semen: Fluid that carries sperm

 Scrotum: Protects testes and maintains temperature  Sheath: Opening of reproductive tract.  Urethra - begins at bladder and continues through penis  Sigmoid Flexure - "S" shape in urethra allows for extension of penis outside of body for reproduction  Cowpers Gland, Prostate Gland, Seminal Vesicle: Produce Semen and provide medium for transporting sperm, adds volume, provides nutrients, cleans and flushes urinary tract

Animal Reproduction  Estrous Cycle  The cycle of a female producing eggs  Can be monoestrous or polyestrous  Artificial Insemination  Placing sperm from male into female  Embryo Transfer  Fertilizing many eggs from one female and placing them in host females

Animal Reproduction  Pure Breeding  Breeding specific breeds to the same  Usually registered with an association  Cross Breeding  Mixing breeds for desirable traits  Grading Up  Breeding purebreds to commercial animals to increase value of offspring