9 Weeks Test Review

Aristotle--- was the first to place living things into categories according to where they lived and if they had “blood”

LINNAEUS Linnaeus--- the “Father of Taxonomy” He came up with the two word naming system called binomial nomenclature

BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE Binomial nomenclature---the two word naming system (Genus species)

TAXONOMY Taxonomy – the science of how living things are classified

YOU What is your scientific name? Homo sapiens What does it consist of? Genus and species How to write it correctly?Homo sapiens

LEVELS List the major levels of classification from highest/broadest to lowest/most specific Domain-Kingdom- Phylum-Class- Order-Family- Genus-Species Dumb king phillip chased old fat girl scouts

DOMAINS 3 Domains and characteristics of each 1Archaea – unicellular organisms that can live in harsh conditions; Prokaryotes 2Bacteria – unicellular organisms that are also Prokaryotes 3Eukarya – unicellular and multicellular Eukryotes

ANIMALS Characteristics of the animal kingdom – Animals are multicellular – many cells, heterotrophic (eat food), eukaryotes (have a nucleus)

HYPOTHESIS Hypothesis – a possible explanation for a set of observations or answer to a scientific question Will more chocolate chips make cookies taste better?

Experiments Controlled experiment - An experiment in which only one variable is manipulated at a time

Controlled Variable. Controlled Variable – the variables that are not changed in an experiment

Operational Variable Operational Variable – how to measure a variable or define a term.

Manipulated or Independent Variable 3. Manipulated Variable – the only variable that is changed in an experiment – ex – chocolate chips!

Responding Variable Responding Variable – the factor that may change as a result of the manipulated variable EX - TASTE

CLASSIFYING Classifying – placing into groups based on criteria

Observing Observation – using your senses

Types of Observations Quantitative vs. qualitative observations – numbers vs no numbers

THE ODDS & ENDS KINGDOM Cilia---Hairlike structures Used for movement/locomotion by some bacteria and protists

Pseudopods Pseudo pods---false feet Used for movement/locomotion by Amoebas

Flagella Flagellum--- long whip like structures Used for movement by Euglena

DNA What is found in nucleus of cell? DNA – the genetic material Where is genetic material of a bacteria cell found? Loose in the cytoplasm

Virus 5. Draw and label the structure of a virus

How Viruses Multiply Active viruses enter cells and immediately begin to multiply, leading to the quick death of the invaded cells. - Viruses

Virus How are viruses like parasites?they harm the host

Bacteria Shapes Shapes of Bacteria--- spirilla (spiral), Cocci (spherical), and Bacilli (rod- shaped)

Sexual Reproduction Draw and explain conjugation Sexual reproduction in which genetic material is exchanged between 2 parents. The offspring is more genetically different than those produced by binary fission

Asexual Reproduction Binary Fission Asexual reproduction in which a cell splits and the offspring is identical to the parent

Eukaryotic cells Animal Cells are which type? Eukaryotic cells What is their outer covering?cell membrane

PRODUCER Producer – An organism that is at the base of the food chain that makes their own food. THE PRODUCERS HAVE THE MOST ENERGY IN THE FOOD PYRAMID AND WEB!

Consumers Consumer – An organism that cannot make their own food and must eat producers or other consumers

Definitions Prokaryotes – no true nucleus Eukaryotes – have a nucleus Autotrophs – make their food (producers) Heterotrophs – eat food (consumers

Food Chain Food Chain – shows the simple feeding relationship in a ecosystem

Food Web Food Web – the pattern of overlapping food chains in an ecosystem

Energy Pyramid Energy Pyramid – a diagram that shows how energy moves from one feeding level to another in a food web

Biology Biology – The study of living things

CELLS Unicellular – one cell Multicellular – many cells

Limiting Factor Limiting Factor any environmental factor that causes a population to decrease Examplesfood, water, living space, weather

Biotic/Abiotic Biotic factor – living things in the ecosystem Examples animals, plants Abiotic factor – nonliving part of an ecosystme Examples rocks, water, sunlight

Levels of Organization Organism – one individual – ex one prairie dog Population – the same species ex – all the prairie dogs in an area Community – all the populations - ex – all the dogs, rabbits, owls, etc Ecosystem – all the biotic and abiotic parts ex – animals, plants, weather, sunlight, rain, soil ex – desert ecosystem

Methods of Estimating Populations Direct Observation – counting

Indirect Observation Indirect observation –counting nests or tracks

Sampling Sampling - counting a small area and multiplying to get the large area

Mark & Recapture Mark & Recapture – catching and marking and releasing and recatching

Consumers Carnivore – meat eater Herbivore plant eater Omnivore eats plants and animals

Chloroplasts in Plant Cells Where does photosynthesis take place? In plant cells – in the chloroplasts What is the name of the green pigment?chlorophyll

Plant Types Vascular vs. non- vascular plants Vascular plants have a tube like system for transporting materials and nonvascular do not.

PHLOEM The tube in a vascular plant used for transporting food

Xylem The tube in a vascular plant that is used for the transporting of water and minerals.

Stop! Dormancy – a period when an organisms growth or activity stops

Germination When a plant begins to push out of the seed and grow

Water Cycle

Nitrogen Cycle

Carbon Cycle

Parts of a SEED

Fruit The ripened ovary

POLLEN Pollen is produced by seed plants and will later become sperm cells

Seed Dispersal By wind By Water By organisms