Unit 2 Preview Chapter 6 The World of Islam Chapter 7 Early African Civilizations Chapter 8 The Asian World Chapter 9 Emerging Europe and the Byzantine Empire Chapter 10 Europe in the Middle Ages Chapter 11 The Americas What time period is covered in this unit? 2000 BCE – 1500 * Really emphasis is on 400 – 1500

Foundations of Islam

Where are we?

Focus What do you know about Islam? What are some common stereotypes associated with Islam?

Arabs Semitic speaking nomads who trace lineage to Abraham and Ishmael (Kaaba) Polytheistic but recognized a supreme god “Allah” Organized into tribes led by sheikh Domestication of camel sets stage for trade Makkah (Mecca) becomes important as trade route when political instability in Mesopotamia and Egypt disrupts other trade routes Influx of wealth sets stage for social disruption in this stable society

The Prophet (Muhammad) Born 570 ad in Mecca Orphaned early, marries Khadija (rich widow) – Becomes disenchanted with the wealth gap – Goes to mountains to meditate – Visited by Angel Gabriel who gives him final revelations of God Moses and Jesus are predecessors in receiving revelations from God – Muhammad returns to Mecca and shares his revelations with his wife – Revelations are written down as Quran (Koran) which provides ethical guidelines and laws by which a Muslim practices Islam (Islam Empire of Faith BBC) Illustrated Koran – After 3 years of preaching he has only 30 followers Crash Course

The Hijrah Muhammad preaches social upheaval and is persecuted by ruling class 622 he and followers flee to a nearby town (Yathrib) later Medina. This period of time is referred to as Hijrah – becomes year 1 in Muslim calendar Bedouins 630 Muhammad returns declares Kaaba a sacred shrine to Islam Dies in 632

The Teaching of Muhammad Sunna or “path” – While the Quran is considered to be the revealed word of God, the life and words of Muhammad and his companions have become a guide for Muslims Radical monotheism Five Pillars of Islam – Profession of Faith (Shahaadatayn) – Prayer (Salaah) – prayer prayer – Charity (Zakaah) – Almsgiving Almsgiving – Fasting (Siyaam) – Fasting Fasting – Pilgrimage (Hajj) – Hajj 1 Hajj 1 – Hajj 2 Hajj 2

The Arab Empire and Its Successors Muhammad’s death leaves a political and spiritual void -No male heir Rashidun Caliphs “Rightly Guided” – Abu Bakr (Muhammad’s father in law) named caliph (successor to Muhammad) dies 634 – Umar 634 – 644 Yarmuk 636 Control of Jerusalem – Uthman 644 – 656 – Ali (Muhammad’s son-in-law) assassinated in 656 Policy of expansion and jihad (see text p 197) Persian Empire controlled by Muslims by 650 Problems of succession

Umayyad Dynasty 661 Mu’awiyah becomes caliph – “I never use my sword when my whip will do, nor my whip when my tongue will do.” – Establishes Damascus as capitol Continued Arab expansion – 711 Battle of Guadelete – 717 Byzantium (Muslim fleet destroyed) – 725 Spain (Cordoba) – 732 Battle of Tours

A Split in Islam Umayyad expansion caused tension as Arab and non Arab groups came into contact. 680 Hussein (Ali’s son) leads a revolt – Troops betray him leaving him with a force of 72 against 10,000 at Kerbala – Ashura commemorates this for Shiite Muslims Shiite accept only descendents of Ali as true rulers of Islam Sunni accept Umayyad rule

Abbasid Dynasty 750 Abu-al Abbas (descendant of Muhammad's uncle) Baghdad Harun al-Rashid – Development of the vizier Fatamids (Egypt) 973)

Turks, Crusades and Mongols Role of mercenary Sultan (holder of power) 1055 Conflict with Byzantine Empire Crusades (Saladin) Mongols – Pastoral nomads – Ghengis Khan – Kublai Khan –

Islamic Civilization Urbanized – Trade – Bazaar – be.com/watch?v= Qf2j-YzZRAA be.com/watch?v= Qf2j-YzZRAA – Farming Social Structure – Goal is egalitarian but classes exist Slaves Role of women – Dowry – Blending of Islamic and Arabic customs

(Dervish video link) Dervish You tube) (Rumi Mystical Poem with Dervish) You tube Islam Empire of Faith 54