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Understanding Classification
Eubacteria Archaea (bacteria) Eukaryota All life is categorized in 3 domains. Domains are the broadest category. Domains are further classified getting more specific at each level. 1.Archaebacteria 2.Eubacteria 3.Protist 4.Fungi 5.Plant 6.Animal There are 6 kingdoms in modern classification.
Classification of Living Things There are 13 billion known species of organisms This is only 5% of all organisms that ever lived! New organisms are still being found and identified today.
What is Classification? Classification is the arrangement of organisms into orderly groups based on their similarities Classification is also known as taxonomy Taxonomists are scientists that identify and name organisms
Benefits of taxonomy Taxonomy has the benefit of classifying organisms accurately and uniformly by assigning scientifically based names. It prevents misnomers such as starfish and jellyfish that aren't really fish Uses same language (Latin or some Greek) for all names
Early Taxonomists 2000 years ago, Aristotle was the first taxonomist Aristotle divided organisms into plants & animals He subdivided them by their habitat ---land, sea, or air dwellers
John Ray Early Taxonomist, John Ray, a botanist, was the first to use Latin for naming plants His names were very long descriptions telling everything about the plant
Carolus Linnaeus1707 Carolus Linnaeus 1707 – th century taxonomist Classified organisms by their structure Developed naming system still used today
Carolus Linnaeus Called the “Father of Taxonomy” Developed the modern system of naming known as binomial nomenclature Each organism has a two-word name (Genus & species)
Standardized Naming Binomial nomenclature uses Genus and species names Latin or Greek Italicized in print Capitalize genus, but NOT species Underline when writing Turdus migratorius
Rules for Naming Organisms The International Code for Binomial Nomenclature contains the rules for naming organisms All names must be approved by International Naming Congresses (International Zoological Congress) This prevents duplicate names
Hierarchy of Names There is a hierarchy of groups (taxa) from broadest to most specific Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, species
Domains Broadest, most inclusive group Three domains Archaea and Eubacteria are unicellular prokaryotes (no nucleus or membrane- bound organelles) Eukarya are more complex and have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
3 Domains
Kingdoms
Archaea Archaea live in harsh environments and may represent the first cells to have evolved. Ancient life forms that still survive today Found in sewage treatment plants and thermal vents Live in areas without oxygen
Eubacteria Eubacteria, only some of which cause human diseases, are present in almost all habitats on Earth. Many bacteria are important environmentally and commercially. Eubacteria are found in intestines and help break down food
Domain Eukarya Domain Eukarya is Divided into Kingdoms Protista (protozoans, algae…) Fungi (mushrooms, yeasts …) Plantae (multicellular plants) Animalia (multicellular animals)
Kingdom Protista Most are unicellular Some are multicellular Some are autotrophic, while others are heterotrophic
Kingdom Fungi Multicellular (except yeast) Heterotrophs Decomposers
Kingdom Plantae Multicellular Autotrophic Absorb sunlight to make glucose – Photosynthesis Cell walls made of cellulose
Kingdom Animalia Multicellular Heterotrophs Feed on plants and/or animals
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