1. 1 December 2 Warm up Pass forward Chapter 17 packet Notes over Ch. 18 - classification Practice Dichotomous Key wksheet HW- Alien Invasion Work Sheet

2. 2 There are 13 billion known species of organisms There are 13 billion known species of organisms This is only 5% of all organisms that ever lived!!!!! This is only 5% of all organisms that ever lived!!!!! New organisms are still being found and identified New organisms are still being found and identified Species of Organisms

3. 3 What is Classification? To study the diversity of life, biologists use a classification system to name organisms and group them in a logical manner Taxonomy is the branch of biology that groups and names organisms based on studies of their different characteristics. Taxonomists are scientists that identify & name organisms Taxonomists are scientists that identify & name organisms

4. 4 Benefits of Classifying Accurately & uniformly names organisms Accurately & uniformly names organisms Prevents misnomers such as starfish & jellyfish that aren't really fish Prevents misnomers such as starfish & jellyfish that aren't really fish Uses same language (Latin or some Greek) for all names Uses same language (Latin or some Greek) for all names Sea”horse”??

5. 5 Confusion in Using Different Languages for Names

6. 6 Latin Names are Understood by all Taxonomists

7. 7 Early Taxonomists 2000 years ago, Aristotle was the first taxonomist 2000 years ago, Aristotle was the first taxonomist Aristotle divided organisms into plants & animals Aristotle divided organisms into plants & animals He subdivided them by their habitat ---land, sea, or air dwellers He subdivided them by their habitat ---land, sea, or air dwellers

8. 8 Early Taxonomists John Ray, a botanist, was the first to use Latin for naming John Ray, a botanist, was the first to use Latin for naming His names were very long descriptions telling everything about the plant His names were very long descriptions telling everything about the plant

9. 9 Carolus Linnaeus 1707 – 1778 18th century taxonomist Classified organisms by their structure Developed naming system still used today

10. 10 Carolus Linnaeus Called the “Father of Taxonomy” Called the “Father of Taxonomy” Developed the modern system of naming known as binomial nomenclature Developed the modern system of naming known as binomial nomenclature Two-word name (Genus & species) Two-word name (Genus & species)

11. 11 Standardized Naming Binomial nomenclature used Binomial nomenclature used Genus species Genus species Genus Noun, Capitalized, species Descriptive, Lower Case, Latin or Greek Latin or Greek Italicized in print Italicized in print Capitalize genus, but NOT species Capitalize genus, but NOT species Underline when writing Underline when writing Turdus migratorius European Robin

12. 12 Binomial Nomenclature

13. 13 Classification Groups Taxon ( taxa-plural) is a category into which related organisms are placed Taxon ( taxa-plural) is a category into which related organisms are placed There is a hierarchy of groups (taxa) from broadest to most specific There is a hierarchy of groups (taxa) from broadest to most specific Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, species Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, species

14. 14 Hierarchy-Taxonomic Groups Domain Kingdom Phylum (Division – used for plants) Class Order Family Genus Species BROADEST TAXON

15. 15 King Phillip Came Over For Good Soup!

16. 16

17. Evolutionary Classification Phylogeny – evolutionary relationships among organisms Evolutionary classification – strategy of grouping organisms together based on their evolutionary history –Fossil record –Comparative homologies –Cladistics –Comparative sequencing of DNA/RNA among organisms –Molecular clocks

18. Taxonomic Diagrams MammalsTurtlesLizards and Snakes CrocodilesBirdsMammalsTurtlesLizards and Snakes CrocodilesBirds CladogramPhylogenetic Tree Cladogram

19. 19

20. 20 Cladogram Diagram showing how organisms are related based on shared, derived characteristics such as feathers, hair, or scales

21. 21 Primate Cladogram

22. Further Classification Domain Most inclusive category Larger than a kingdom There are 3 1. Eukarya – includes the kingdoms Protists, Fungi, Plants & Animals 2. Bacteria – corresponds to the kingdom Eubacteria 3. Archaea – corresponds to the kingdom Archaebacteria

23. Introduction to Phylogenetic Kingdoms -6 now! Monera (old name =Eubacteria and Archaebacteria) -Prokaryotes, with or without peptidoglycan in cell walls Protistia – Eukaryotes, diverse, not fungi, plants, or animals Fungi – Eukaryotes, multicellular (except yeasts), heterotrophic, chitin in cell walls Plantae – Eukaryotes, multicellular, non-motile, autotrophic, cell wall containing cellulose Animalia – Eukaryotes, multicellular, motile, heterotrophic, no cell wall

24. 24 Archaea live in harsh environments and may represent the first cells to have evolved. Sewage treatment plants, thermal vents, etc.

25. 25 Eubacteria, some of which cause human diseases, are present in almost all habitats on earth. Many bacteria are important environmentally and commercially. Live in the intestines of animals

26. 26 Domain Eukarya is Divided into 4 Kingdoms Protista (protozoans, algae…) Protista (protozoans, algae…) Fungi (mushrooms, yeasts …) Fungi (mushrooms, yeasts …) Plantae (multicellular plants) Plantae (multicellular plants) Animalia (multicellular animals) Animalia (multicellular animals)

27. 27 Protista Most are unicellular Most are unicellular Some are multicellular Some are multicellular Some are autotrophic, while others are heterotrophic Some are autotrophic, while others are heterotrophic

28. 28 Fungi Multicellular, except yeast Multicellular, except yeast Absorptive heterotrophs (digest food outside their body & then absorb it) Absorptive heterotrophs (digest food outside their body & then absorb it) Cell walls made of chitin Cell walls made of chitin

29. 29 Plantae Multicellular Multicellular Autotrophic Autotrophic Absorb sunlight to make glucose – Photosynthesis Absorb sunlight to make glucose – Photosynthesis Cell walls made of cellulose Cell walls made of cellulose

30. 30 Animalia Multicellular Multicellular Ingestive heterotrophs (consume food & digest it inside their bodies) Ingestive heterotrophs (consume food & digest it inside their bodies) Feed on plants or animals Feed on plants or animals

31. 31 Dichotomous Keying Used to identify organisms Used to identify organisms Characteristics given in pairs Characteristics given in pairs Read both characteristics and either go to another set of characteristics OR identify the organism Read both characteristics and either go to another set of characteristics OR identify the organism

32. 1 A. Has Hair -------------go to 2 B. Does not have hair--go to 4 2 A. Has one eye----------Bofeng B. Has two eyes --------go to 3 C. Has three eyes ------ Rishabh 3 A. Has antennas --------Kayla B. Has no antennas ----Erik 4 A. Has wings ------------Charles B. Has no wings -------- Ishraf Bofeng Kayla Rishabh Erik Charles Ishraf Example Example of Dichotomous Key