Online Counseling Resource YCMOU ELearning Drive… School of Architecture, Science and Technology Yashwantrao Chavan Maharashtra Open University, Nashik – , India

OC-SBT/SBI/SGS Introduction Programmers and Courses  SEP –SBT011-U01  SEP – SGS011-U01

School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… Credits  Academic Inputs by Sonali Alkari MSc (Botany), P.G. D.C. Bio-Informatics

School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… © 2007, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.4 How to Use This Resource  Counselor at each study center should use this presentation to deliver lecture of minutes during Face-To-Face counseling.  Discussion about students difficulties or tutorial with assignments should follow the lecture for about minutes.  Handouts (with 6 slides on each A4 size page) of this presentation should be provided to each student.  Each student should discuss on the discussion forum all the terms which could not be understood. This will improve his writing skills and enhance knowledge level about topics, which shall be immensely useful for end exam.  Appear several times, for all the Self-Tests, available for this course.  Student can use handouts for last minutes preparation just before end exam.

School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… © 2007, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.5 Learning Objectives  After studying this module, you should be able to:  Describe traditional and Modern classification.  Discuss two Kingdom system.  Describe Mertis and demertis of Five Kingdom system.

School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… Classification of Organisms Traditional Approach to Classification of organisms is:  Aristotle and Theophrastus used hierarchy in classification of organisms for the first time.  Until relatively recently it was generally agreed that all organisms should be placed in just two kingdoms, the animal and plant kingdom.  The basic difference between animals and plants was that animals fed on organic material (are heterotropic) whereas plant synthesized their own organic requirement from inorganic compounds (are autotrophic).  This Two-kingdom system was mainly centered on the land organisms.

School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… Two-kingdom-system of Classification of Organisms

School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… Modern Approach to Classification  The two kingdom system for classification of organisms seems to be highly Inadequate in modern times.  Modern times evidences and data from different disciplines of biology are used to classify organisms.  Evidence and data obtained from embryology, morphology, anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, cell biology are providing realistic approach.  The two-kingdom system was replaced by Five- Kingdom System.

School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… Five Kingdoms  The French protistologist Édouard Chatton introduced the names ‘prokaryotic’ and ‘eukaryotic’ based simply on the absence or presence of nuclei.  This fundamental distinction of cell types led to an alternative dualistic view of two Kingdoms or Superkingdoms, Prokaryota and Eukaryota (e.g. Whittaker & Margulis, 1978; Möhn, 1984 ).  All life forms are divided in two superkingdoms on the basis of presence of nucleus and cell organelles in the cell organization.

School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… Five Kingdoms  In Prokaryotes the DNA is not enclosed by nuclear membrane and lies free in the cytoplasm. The cell thus lack true nuclei (pro, before; karyon, nucleus).  The cells of eukaryotes, contain true nuclei.  Eukaryotes are evolved from prokaryotes.

School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource…

SuperKingdom 1. PROKARYOTA  Single-celled organisms without membrane bound nucleus and cell organelles.  This SuperKingdom includes 1 Kingdom: 1. Kingdom Monera includes all bacterial groups like Cyanobacteria, Actinomycetes, Mycoplasmas and others.

School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… SuperKingdom 2. EUKARYOTA  Single-celled OR multi-celluar organisms with membrane bound nucleus and cell organelles.  This SuperKingdom is further divided into 4 Kingdom:  Kingdom Protista  Kingdom Fungi  Kingdom Plantae  Kingdom Animalia  This Scheme is still in use with some modification.

School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… SuperKingdom 2. EUKARYOTA 1.Kingdom PROTISTA: includes many unicellular organisms like Protozoa, problematic Algae (photosynthetic) and some Fungi or fungi –like organisms. 2.Kingdom FUNGI: includes non-photosynthetic, non- vascular, unicelluar yeasts snd multicellular mycelial organisms with chitinous cell walls. 3.Kingdom PLANTA: includes multicelluar organisms with photoautotrophic mode of nutrition:non-vascular organisms (some Algal groups and Bryophytes) and Vascular Trachaeophytes (Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms and Angiosperms.) 4.Kingdom ANIMALIA: includes multicellular animals that have heterotrophic mode of nutrition. They may have notochord (Chorodates) or may not have ( Non-Chorodates)

School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… Five Kingdoms Living organisms Prokaryotae Monera Eukaryotae protoctistaFungiPlantaeAnimalia Viruses

School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… Merits Five Kingdoms  The unique feature of this system is that well consideration about fungi which are heterotropic but non-motile, difficult to classify as animals or plants has been taken.  This system has been widely accepted and is currently recommended by the Institute of Biology.  This grouping is useful one for practical reasons because the techniques used in their study are often similar

School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… Demerits of Five Kingdom System  However this system of classification is not natural grouping, the smallest organisms are often collectively known as microorganisms.  The most controversial group in this system is the protoctists because it is probably an unnatural group.  However this scheme did not consider, one group of organisms called viruses into any kingdom neatly.

School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… What we Learn…  You have learnt :  Traditional Approach to Classification of organisms  The two-kingdom system was replaced by Five-Kingdom.  The cells of eukaryotes, contain true nuclei.  Eukaryotes are evolved from prokaryotes.  SuperKingdom is further divided into 4 Kingdom: Kingdom Protista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia  Single-celled organisms without membrane bound nucleus and cell organelles.  Merits and demerits of 5 kingdom system. © 2007, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.18

School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… Critical Thinking Questions 1.Describe different types of classification approaches. 2.Describe SuperKingdom Prokaryota. 3. Describe SuperKingdom Eukaryota. © 2007, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.19

School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… Hints For Critical Thinking Question 1.Traditional Approach and Modern approach to Classification. 2.Kingdom Monera. 3.Kingdom Protist, Fungi, Planta, Animalia. © 2007, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.20

School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… Study Tips  Book Title:The Living World Author: George Johnson  Book Title: Biological Science Author: Taylor, Green & Stout  Book Title: ABC Of Biology Publisher :Holy Faith  Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia

School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… End of the Presentation Thank You !