1. Online Counseling Resource YCMOU ELearning Drive… School of Architecture, Science and Technology Yashwantrao Chavan Maharashtra Open University, Nashik – 422222, India

2. OC-SBT/SBI/SGS031-U01-01 Introduction Programmes and Courses  SEP – SBT031 – Unit 01  SEP – SBI031 – Unit 01  SEP – SGS031 – Unit 01

3. School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… © 2007, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.3 Credits  Academic Inputs by Mrs. Rasika Bhore  M.sc (Microbiology) rasika.bhore@gmail.com

4. School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… © 2007, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.4 How to Use This Resource  Counselor at each study center should use this presentation to deliver lecture of 40-60 minutes during Face-To-Face counseling.  Discussion about students difficulties or tutorial with assignments should follow the lecture for about 40-60 minutes.  Handouts (with 6 slides on each A4 size page) of this presentation should be provided to each student.  Each student should discuss on the discussion forum all the terms which could not be understood. This will improve his writing skills and enhance knowledge level about topics, which shall be immensely useful for end exam.  Appear several times, for all the Self-Tests, available for this course.  Student can use handouts for last minutes preparation just before end exam.

5. School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… © 2007, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.5 Learning Objectives  After studying this module, you should be able to: Describe carbohydrates. Discuss simple & compound sugars. Describe the role of carbohydrate in living systems. Discuss how carbohydrates supplies energy.

6. School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… Introduction  Carbohydrates are simple organic compounds that are aldehydes or ketones with many hydroxyl groups.  Carbohydrates are the most abundant of the four major classes of biomolecules.  Carbohydrates, corn, and the most common and abundant are sugar come from a wide array of foods - bread, milk, potatoes, fibers, and starches.  They fill numerous roles in living things, such as the storage and transport of energy and structural components.  Additionally, carbohydrates and their derivatives play major roles in the working process of the immune system, fertilization, pathogenesis, blood clotting, and development. © 2007, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.6

7. School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… Carbohydrates Compounds containing : Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Defined as : Polyhydroxy derivatives of aldehyde or ketone They are also called as saccharides means sugar. General formula : Cx(H 2 O)y Functional groups : C=O & -OH © 2007, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.7

8. School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… Carbohydrates in Body……….  Carbohydrate rich foods, in their natural state are low in calories and high in fiber. Carbohydrates contain about 4 calories per gram.  carbohydrates in our body, are broken down and used as energy source.  When the body doesn't need to use the carbohydrates for energy, it stores them into the liver and muscles.  When carbohydrates are stored in your liver and muscles, it is called glycogen.  When the liver and muscles cells cannot store anymore glycogen, it is turned into fat.  When your body needs a quick boost of energy, it converts glycogen into energy.  When it needs a prolonged burst of energy, it converts fat to energy. © 2007, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.8

9. School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… Functions of Carbohydrates  Source of energy for living beings.  Storage form of energy, e.g. – glycogen in animal tissue & starch in plants.  Serve as structural components, e.g.- glycosaminoglycans in human, cellulose in plants & chitin in insects.  Constituents of nucleotide that form RNA & DNA, e.g.- ribose & deoxyribose sugar.  Carbohydrates play a role in lubrication, cellular intercommunication & immunity. e.g.- Glycoprotein & glycolipid units of cell surfaces are key participants in cell to cell recognition during development. © 2007, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.9

10. School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… Classification of Carbohydrates  Classification based on number of sugar units : 1.Simple sugars Monosaccharides : Single sugar unit 2. Compound sugars Oligosaccharides : 2-10 sugar units Polysaccharides : More than 10 sugar units © 2007, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.10

11. School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… Simple Carbohydrates © 2007, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.11 Simple carbohydrates are also known as sugars. They also exist in either a natural or refined form.  Natural sugars are found in fruit and vegetables.  Refined sugars are found in:  biscuits, cakes and pastries  Chocolate  honey and jams  Jellies  brown and white cane sugar  Pizzas  prepared foods and sauces  soft drinks  sweets and snack bars.

12. School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… Complex Carbohydrates Complex carbohydrates are often referred to as starch or starchy foods. They are found naturally in foods and also refined in processed foods. Complex carbohydrates as natural starches are found in: bananas barley beans brown rice Chickpeas Potatoes root vegetables sweet corn wholegrain cereals whole meal breads whole meal cereals whole meal flour whole meal pasta © 2007, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved. 12

13. School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… What we learn……….  Carbohydrates are carbon, hydrogen & oxygen containing compounds made up of aldose or ketose sugar.  They are present in all living beings.  Serves vital role in energy storage & transport.  They are divided into monosaccharides, oligosaccharides & polysaccharides.  Monosaccharides are simple sugars while oligosaccharides & polysaccharides are compound sugars. © 2007, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.13

14. School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… Critical Thinking Questions 1.Which hormone regulates the sugar in blood? 2.What is the purpose of cell to cell recognition? © 2007, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.14

15. School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… Hints For Critical Thinking Question 1.Hormone involved in diabetes. 2.Immune system works on this principle. © 2007, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.15

16. School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… © 2007, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.16 Study Tips  Book 1 Title: Biochemistry Author: Donald Voet  Book 2 Title: Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry Author: David L. Nelson, Michael M. Cox.

17. School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… © 2007, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.17 Study Tips 1. www.en.wikipedia.orgwww.en.wikipedia.org 2. Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia

18. End of the Presentation Thank You !