1. Online Counseling Resource YCMOU ELearning Drive… School of Architecture, Science and Technology Yashwantrao Chavan Maharashtra Open University, Nashik – 422222, India

2. OC-SBT051-U01-03 Introduction Programmes and Courses  SEP – SBT051 – Unit 01

3. School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… © 2007, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.3 Credits  Academic Inputs by Arun Punaji More. M.Sc. (Microbiology) Experience: 11 Years arunmesh@hotmail.com

4. School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… © 2007, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.4 How to Use This Resource  Counselor at each study center should use this presentation to deliver lecture of 40-60 minutes during Face-To-Face counseling.  Discussion about students difficulties or tutorial with assignments should follow the lecture for about 40-60 minutes.  Handouts (with 6 slides on each A4 size page) of this presentation should be provided to each student.  Each student should discuss on the discussion forum all the terms which could not be understood. This will improve his writing skills and enhance knowledge level about topics, which shall be immensely useful for end exam.  Appear several times, for all the Self-Tests, available for this course.  Student can use handouts for last minutes preparation just before end exam.

5. School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… © 2007, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.5 Learning Objectives  After studying this module, you should be able to: Describe the major downstream processing. Explain the underlying principles of each downstream process.

6. School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… © 2007, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.6 Introduction  You know how fermentation is carried out.  Once the fermentation process is over, a desired fermentation product has to be separated into its pure form.  How it can be done?  What are the processes?

7. School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… © 2007, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.7 Downstream Processing  The basic set of operations involve in harvesting of fermentation products is called as downstream processing.  The selection of a particular recovery process depend upon the final use of the fermentation product.  The selection of a particular process also depend upon the expected purity and nature of the final fermentation product.

8. School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… © 2007, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.8 Principles of Downstream Processing  Knowledge or principles of each recovery or downstream process is essential in order to make our decision in selecting a right recovery process so as to get a final fermentation product in its expected purity without making its losses minimum.  The separation of microbial cells from the fermentation broth is the first process in product recovery operations.  Therefore let us first understand the working principle of filtration.

9. School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… © 2007, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.9 Filtration  Filtration is process by which the suspending, non soluble particles are separated from fermentation broth by applying pressure difference across the permeable membrane.  The pressure difference can be produced by  Vacuum  Gravity  Centrifugal force  High pressure

10. School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… © 2007, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.10 Rate of Filtration  Rate of filtration depend upon: Viscosity of fermented broth. Pressure gradient across the permeable membrane. Thickness of filter cake formed on the membrane.

11. School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… © 2007, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.11 Calculation of Flow Rate - 1  How to calculate Flow rate?  Flow rate during filtration can be given by Poiseuille’s law as follow: u = dV/A dt = K’ ∆P/ µ L-------1 where u = linear flow rate. V = filtrate volume. dt = time required for filtration. P = pressure drop in filter cake. µ = viscosity of broth. A = filter area. L = thickness of filter cake. K’ = permeability coefficient.

12. School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… © 2007, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.12 Calculation of Flow Rate - 2  There is relationship between the K’ i.e. permeability coefficient and specific resistance, µ, of filter cake as follow: 1/K’ = µ ------2  Using equation 1 and 2 given above, one can easily calculate the value of µ to optimize the filtration process for noncompressible particles on industrial scale.

13. School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… © 2007, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.13 Filtration Process  Depending upon manner in which filtration operation is carried out, filtration process can be grouped under following types: Cake filtration. Depth (deep bed ) filtration. Cross flow filtration.

14. School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… © 2007, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.14 Cake Filtration - 1  Cake filtration:- Suspended particles are filtered out on a cake of diatomaceous earth filter aid layer on a fine mesh of rotating cylinder. Example of cake filtration is rotary-drum filters widely used in large fermentation industries.

15. School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… © 2007, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.15 Cake Filtration - 2  Cake filtration:- Diagram shows Rotary drum filter/ Rotary vacuum filter

16. School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… © 2007, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.16 Deep Bed Filtration  Deep bed filtration:- Suspended particles are removed throughout the filter bed. Example of this type filter is sand filter.

17. School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… © 2007, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.17 Cross Flow Filtration - 1  Cross flow filtration:- In this type filtration operation flow of fluid is kept parallel to filtering permeable membrane. Therefore there is no build-up of filter cake as is the case in cake filtration reducing the flow rate of filtration.

18. School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… © 2007, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.18 Cross Filtration - 2  Diagram of Cross filtration is shown. Membrane filter Note that the flow of fluid is parallel to the permeable membrane which prevent build-up of cake of insoluble solids on the membrane.

19. School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… © 2007, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.19 What we Learn……….  The basic set of operations involve in harvesting of fermentation products is called as downstream processing.  The separation of microbial cells from the fermentation broth is the first process in product recovery operations.  Filtration is process by which the suspending, non soluble particles are separated from fermentation broth by applying pressure difference across the permeable membrane.  As per the Poiseuille’s law flow rate is calculated as follow: u = dV/A dt = K’ ∆P/ µ L-------1  Filteration process are grouped as Cake filtration. Depth (deep bed ) filtration. Cross flow filtration.

20. School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… © 2007, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.20 Critical Thinking Questions Why filtration become costlier for intracellular product harvesting than for extra cellular product harvesting

21. School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… © 2007, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.21 Hints for Critical Thinking Questions Most of the intracellular products are enzymes and proteins.

22. School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… © 2007, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.22 Study Tips  Book Title:Principles of Fermentation Technology. Author: P. F. Stanbury, A. Whitaker and S. J. Hall. Publication: Elsevier Science Ltd.  Book Title: Fermentation Microbiology and Biotechnology. Editors: E.M.T. El-Mansi, C.F.A. Bryce, A.L. Demain, A.R. Allman. Taylor and Francis group. Publication: Taylor and Francis group.

23. End of the Presentation Thank You !