1. Online Counseling Resource YCMOU ELearning Drive… School of Architecture, Science and Technology Yashwantrao Chavan Maharashtra Open University, Nashik – 422222, India

2. OC-SBT082-U01-05 Introduction Programmes and Courses  SBT082 – CP01-Unit 01

3. School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… © 2008, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.3 Credits  Academic Inputs by Arun Punaji More. M.Sc. (Microbiology) ‏ Experience: 11 Years arunmesh@hotmail.com

4. School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… © 2008, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.4 How to Use This Resource  Counselor at each study center should use this presentation to deliver lecture of 40-60 minutes during Face-To-Face counseling.  Discussion about students difficulties or tutorial with assignments should follow the lecture for about 40-60 minutes.  Handouts (with 6 slides on each A4 size page) of this presentation should be provided to each student.  Each student should discuss on the discussion forum all the terms which could not be understood. This will improve his writing skills and enhance knowledge level about topics, which shall be immensely useful for end exam.  Appear several times, for all the Self-Tests, available for this course.  Student can use handouts for last minutes preparation just before end exam.

5. School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… © 2008, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.5 Learning Objectives  After studying this module, you should be able to: Describe various cell behaviours governed by the cytoskeletons. Describe various types of cytoskeletons involved in cell behaviours.

6. School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… Introduction  Eukaryotic cell exhibit motility.  For example, the muscle cells show motility by the mechanism of contraction of skeleton muscles.  Non muscle cells also show motility by the same mechanism.  Motility are not only exhibited by cells but also by its sub cellular organelles.  Cytoskeletons are responsible for these various types of motilities observed in cells. © 2008, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.6

7. School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… © 2008, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.7 Cytoskeleton and Cell Behavious-1  Many of the cells’ behaviors are governed and controlled by cytoskeletons.  These cell behaviors are Cell motility Contraction of skeleton muscles. Movements of cell surfaces in engulfment of foods and phagocytosis. Chromosomes segregation during mitosis. Cytokinesis.

8. School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… © 2008, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.8 Cytoskeleton and Cell Behavious-2  Cell motility:- Cell motility of prokaryotic cells and flagellate protozoa is caused by special cell appendages called as flagella and cilia. Flagella are few and long threadlike appendages which give motility to many prokaryotic cells and protozoa such as flagellate. The flagella are mainly made of with microtubules filaments.

9. School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… © 2008, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.9 Cytoskeleton and Cell Behavious-3  Cell motility:- Cilia are minute very fine than flagella and numerous cell appendages on the cell surface of some platyhelminthese, larvae of Echinodermata and Mollusca. Cilia are made of microtubules filaments. Ciliated epithelia cells line the internal surfaces of respiratory and genital track where they move in the same direction producing fluid current.

10. School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… Cytoskeleton and Cell Behavious-4  Movement of cilia is brought about by microtubule filaments. © 2008, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.10 Movements of cilia play Important roles in flushing Body fluid, in causing movement of cells.

11. School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… © 2008, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.11 Cytoskeleton and Cell Behavious-5  Contraction of skeleton muscle:- Myosin II motor proteins make the two adjacent actin filaments slide Against each other causing the movements of these filaments.

12. School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… © 2008, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.12 Cytoskeleton and Cell Behavious-6  Motor proteins:- There are three types of motor proteins that move on cytoskeleton filaments bringing about the movements of these filaments. The three types of motor proteins are  Myosins  Dynein  Kinesin The myosin proteins move on actin microfilaments.

13. School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… Cytoskeleton and Cell Behaviors-7  The Dynein and Kinesin motor proteins move on microtubule filaments.  Myosins:- Myosins V:-  Myosin V is involved in intracellular transport of such as vesicle transport under the plasma membrane and positioning of organelles in the cytoplasm.  Myosin V proteins move towards the + end of actin microfilaments.  Whereas the other types of myosin protein move toward the – ends of actin microfilaments. © 2008, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.13

14. School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… Cytoskeleton and Cell Behaviors-8  Myosin proteins:- © 2008, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.14 Myosin proteins transporting the intracellular vesicle.

15. School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… Cytoskeleton and Cell Behaviors-9  Dynein proteins:- The main functions of Dynein motor proteins are transport of vesicles on the microtubule filaments. Dynein proteins transport molecules such as mitochondrions on microtubules filaments for longer distance. Dynein proteins cause initial alignment of spindle poles and formation of overlapping spindle fibres. © 2008, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.15

16. School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… Cytoskeleton and Cell Behaviors-10  Kinesin motor proteins:- Kinesin proteins cause the segregation of sister chromatids during anaphase B in cell division. © 2008, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.16

17. School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… Cytoskeleton and Cell Behaviors-11  Kinesin motor proteins:- Involvement of kinesin motor proteins moving the microtubule filaments. © 2008, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.17

18. School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… © 2008, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.18 Cytoskeleton and Cell Behavious-12  Movements of cell surfaces in engulfment of foods and phagocytosis:- Active role of actin filaments In formation of pseudopodia Which and entrap bacterial Cells.

19. School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… Cytoskeleton and Cell Behavious-13  Movements of cell surfaces in engulfment of foods and phagocytosis:- © 2008, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.19 Endocytosis involve the movements Of cell surface mediated by actin filaments

20. School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… What We Learn…  The relationship between the important cell functions and cytoskeleton.  Controlling of different cell behaviors by different types of cytoskeleton filaments.  The mechanisms of bringing about a particular behaviors in cells by different types of cytoskeleton filaments. © 2008, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.20

21. School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… Critical Thinking Question  Which type of cytoskeleton filaments are essential for the cell reproduction? © 2008, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.21

22. School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… Hints for Critical thinking question  The cytoskeleton filaments which take part in cell division. © 2008, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.22

23. School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… © 2008, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.23 Study Tips  Book Title: Title:The Cell, A Molecular Approach Author: Geoffrey M. Cooper, Robert E. Hausman Publication: ASM press, Washington,D.C. Publication: ASM press, Washington,D.C.  Book Title: Cell and Molecular Biology Title: Cell and Molecular Biology Author: E.D.P. De Robertis and E.M.F. De Robertis, Jr. Author: E.D.P. De Robertis and E.M.F. De Robertis, Jr. Publication: Lippincott and Williams & Wilkins Publication: Lippincott and Williams & Wilkins

24. End of the Presentation Thank You !