Sea-Level Rise Beaches – First Victims of Global Warming New research in 2007 indicates: 1.Doubled melting rate of Greenland ice sheet ( 57 miles 3 /year ), 2.Net melting of the Antarctic ice sheet (36 miles 3 /year ), 3.Glaciers and ice caps add equivalent of Lake Erie each year (100 miles 3 /year) 4.Global rise has exceeded 3.0 mm/yr, twice the rate last century, 5.Continued heating of atmosphere – heating of water column, 6.1 m rise is now projected during this century C rise suggests 3-6 m sea-level rise in a century (based on geologic history). There are still major uncertainties in sea-level science, but these latest results are significant in that: 1.They do not point in the direction of smaller rates of rise, 2.They are consistent with the worse case of longstanding predictions, 3.Counter arguments grow fewer and fewer.

1)Greenland ice loss

Arctic Sea Ice

2) Antarctic ice loss 152 km 3 /yr +/- 80 km 3 /yr

3) Thermal expansion

Contributions to sea level Total ice melt –Alpine glaciers and ice caps: 0.5 m –Greenland: 7.2 m –West Antarctic: 5-6 m Sea level rise due to mountain glacier melt?...~60% Sea level rise due to Greenland?...~28% Sea level rise due to Antarctica?...~12% Sea level budget poorly understood

We know the temperature history of the last ~120 years

We know the sea level history of the last ~120 years

Correlation of rate of sea-level rise to temperature, Rahmstorf, 2007 Science v. 315 By correlating temperature history with sea-level history, Rahmstorf (2007) estimated future sea level position based on projections of future temperature.

Sea level history and projections based on IPCC temperature range of C Sea-level rise of 0.5 to 1.4 m by 2100 Rahmstorf, 2007 Science v m rise by 2100 is a good target on which to base Hawaii management and policy decisions

What is the impact of a 1 m rise in Hawaii? The water table will begin to break the ground surface, and rainfall/run-off will not drain. In coming decades we will see the formation of permanent wetlands in urban areas. Heavy rainfall (such as Spring ’06) will cause flooding lasting weeks. Storm sewers are already backing up with sea water at high tide. Coastal aquifers will increase salinity. Coastal erosion will accelerate, ~100 ft recession for 1 ft sea-level rise These effects can be modeled using high-resolution topographic maps of the coastal zone (~25 cm in accuracy) 1 m sea-level rise 1 m sea-level rise m high tide m high tide +0.3 m heavy rain fall (April, 2006) +0.3 m heavy rain fall (April, 2006)

Mapunapuna is already experiencing the effects of rising sea level

Can these be real?

Along Hawaii shores we will see increased erosion, and increased high wave flooding

Beaches? …what beaches?

With 1 m of sea-level rise, most of the Hawaiian shoreline will look like this and there will be no beaches

Will this impact tourism? Visitors may not mind beach loss – but locals do not go to resorts, we will experience a major impact to our quality of life.