1. MODULE 4 1Module 4: Effects of Climate Change What are the risks of a changing climate?

2. Weather events can get more extreme as temperatures warm. This can lead to an increased risk of Deaths Property damage Population displacement Destruction of infrastructure Food and water insecurity 2Module 4: Effects of Climate Change

3. Weather events can get more extreme as temperatures warm. This can lead to an increased risk of Heat waves Drought Heavy Rain Floods Strong Hurricanes Blizzards This article summarizes some of these extreme events http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/highlights/report-findings/extreme- weather#intro-section 3Module 4: Effects of Climate Change

4. On the next slide, how many of the events Happened before 2000 and after 2000? Why might this be the case? Are recent storm events getting worse?

6. A lot of the severe storm damage has been due to hurricanes. How might climate change affect hurricanes?

7. 7Module 4: Effects of Climate Change A key ingredient for hurricane formation is warm ocean water (> 26 degrees C.)

8. http://www.globalwarmingart.com/wiki/File:Tropical_Storm_Map_png What does this map of the tracks and the intensity of tropical storms tell us about hurricane formation?

9. 9 How are hurricanes formed? http://www.cotf.edu/ete/modules/sevweath/s whoware.html https://eo.ucar.edu/kids/dangerwx/hurricane3.htm http://www.hurricanescience.org/science/scie nce/hurricanegenesis/ Module 4: Effects of Climate Change

10. Ocean Heat Content https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/OC5/3M_HEAT_CONTENT/ 10 Ocean Heat Content is the amount heat energy stored in the ocean Module 4: Effects of Climate Change

11. http://www.globalwarmingart.com/wiki/File:North_Atlantic_Hurricane_History_png Yes, the data below suggests that hurricanes are increasing but we can’t say for sure if this is due to climate. There’s more to making a hurricane than warm water. YEAR # DATA FROM:

12. 12 Tropical Cyclone: Role of Wind Shear What is wind shear? Wind shear can rip apart storms before they can turn into hurricanes Winds spread out the energy needed for hurricane formation http://www.accuweather.com/en/weather- glossary/how-wind-shear-plays-into- the/14524883 https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn1163 3-wind-shear-may-cancel-climates-effect-on- hurricanes/ Module 4: Effects of Climate Change

13. Future Hurricanes Hurricanes with More CO 2 Hurricanes TODAY What does the chart tell us about hurricanes?

14. Future Hurricanes Computer models with CO 2 220% higher predict that more than 90% of storms will be category 4 or 5 but there will be FEWER hurricanes. Today, 90% of hurricanes are category 3 or 4 Current and Predicted Hurricanes

15. See any trends in severe weather globally? Year Increase

16. Have we seen this happening? We know that surface warming melts more ice. View the animated data.

18. Here’s an experiment to demonstrate WHY we need to worry about the loss of more Arctic sea ice: 1. Place water in a glass (#1) and add ice until the water level is even with the rim of the glass. 2. Fill another glass (#2) with ice so it is higher than the edge of glass. 3. Fill glass #2 with water. 4. As ice melts, what is the difference between the levels of glass #1 versus glass #2?

19. Read this article then explain howthis article a warming Arctic affects the entire food chain. http://science.psu.edu/news-and-events/2013-news/Post7-2013

20. Antarctica Antarctica is one of the coldest places on Earth. Some of its ice rests on land and some floats on the ocean. Here’s a 2 minute NASA video.

21. This model shows what Antarctica would like if all of its ice were melted. With warming, the water that had been locked up in the land ice will rise ocean levels globally.

22. Land Ice: Greenland

23. Melted ice In Greenland and Antarctica would rise sea levels.

24. Use this web site to find where you live.this web site Will you be affected by sea level rise? What about other places around the country?

25. Sea levels have already been rising since the late 1800 but not the same everywhere. Which cities experienced larger sea level rise?

26. There is uncertainty in how much the oceans may rise.

27. Farther inland, other things are affected by climate changes.

28. For example, how have the following events affected crop yields?

29. What’s the relationship of temperature and crop yields?

30. What’s the GLOBAL impact of climate on crops?

31. It’s not just crops. Analyze the location of various sea life along the East Coast from Maryland in the south (bottom) to Maine in the north (top) As oceans warm, which species move northward?

32. 32 There are several pieces of the climate change puzzle that will affect agriculture, fisheries, and livestock. If the climate changes food production could be at risk.