Consequences of Responding: Punishment

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Consequences of Responding: Punishment The Vocabulary of Punishment Comparing Reinforcement and Punishment The Relativity of Punishment Side Effects of Punishment Eliciting Effects of Punishers Discriminative Effects of Punishers Timeout as Punishment The Ethics of Punishment Addendum 7A: Punishment as Primary, Not Derivative

Consequences of Responding: Punishment The Vocabulary of Punishment Comparing Reinforcement and Punishment The Relativity of Punishment Side Effects of Punishment Eliciting Effects of Punishers Discriminative Effects of Punishers Timeout as Punishment The Ethics of Punishment

Just as we reinforce responses, not organisms, we also punish responses, not organisms Our usage is no longer tied to the idea that punishment is about retribution Punishment has ethical implications, but if it happens we must understand how it works

Consequences of Responding: Punishment The Vocabulary of Punishment Comparing Reinforcement and Punishment The Relativity of Punishment Side Effects of Punishment Eliciting Effects of Punishers Discriminative Effects of Punishers Timeout as Punishment The Ethics of Punishment

Consequences of Responding: Punishment The Vocabulary of Punishment Comparing Reinforcement and Punishment The Relativity of Punishment Side Effects of Punishment Eliciting Effects of Punishers Discriminative Effects of Punishers Timeout as Punishment The Ethics of Punishment

Consequences of Responding: Punishment The Vocabulary of Punishment Comparing Reinforcement and Punishment The Relativity of Punishment Side Effects of Punishment Eliciting Effects of Punishers Discriminative Effects of Punishers Timeout as Punishment The Ethics of Punishment

Consequences of Responding: Punishment The Vocabulary of Punishment Comparing Reinforcement and Punishment The Relativity of Punishment Side Effects of Punishment Eliciting Effects of Punishers Discriminative Effects of Punishers Timeout as Punishment The Ethics of Punishment

Consequences of Responding: Punishment The Vocabulary of Punishment Comparing Reinforcement and Punishment The Relativity of Punishment Side Effects of Punishment Eliciting Effects of Punishers Discriminative Effects of Punishers Timeout as Punishment The Ethics of Punishment

Consequences of Responding: Punishment The Vocabulary of Punishment Comparing Reinforcement and Punishment The Relativity of Punishment Side Effects of Punishment Eliciting Effects of Punishers Discriminative Effects of Punishers Timeout as Punishment The Ethics of Punishment

Consequences of Responding: Punishment The Vocabulary of Punishment Comparing Reinforcement and Punishment The Relativity of Punishment Side Effects of Punishment Eliciting Effects of Punishers Discriminative Effects of Punishers Timeout as Punishment The Ethics of Punishment

Teaching Reinforcement versus Teaching Punishment The effects of punishers show up more immediately than those of reinforcers, so punishment is usually easier to teach. That is probably why punishers are so pervasive in human cultures. But you cannot shape with it; it reduces rather than enhances variations.

Consequences of Responding: Punishment The Vocabulary of Punishment Comparing Reinforcement and Punishment The Relativity of Punishment Side Effects of Punishment Eliciting Effects of Punishers Discriminative Effects of Punishers Timeout as Punishment The Ethics of Punishment Addendum 7A: Punishment as Primary, Not Derivative

Consequences of Responding: Escape and Avoidance Elicited Responding and Escape The Ambiguous Distinction between Positive from Negative Reinforcement Identifying Contingencies: Procedural and Behavioral Criteria Touching the Hot Stove: Natural Aversive Contingencies Avoidance The Nature of the Reinforcer in Avoidance Extinction after Negative Reinforcement The Language of Aversive Control Addendum 8A: Species‑Specific Defense Reactions

Consequences of Responding: Escape and Avoidance Elicited Responding and Escape The Ambiguous Distinction between Positive from Negative Reinforcement Identifying Contingencies: Procedural and Behavioral Criteria Touching the Hot Stove: Natural Aversive Contingencies Avoidance The Nature of the Reinforcer in Avoidance Extinction after Negative Reinforcement The Language of Aversive Control

Consequences of Responding: Escape and Avoidance Elicited Responding and Escape The Ambiguous Distinction between Positive from Negative Reinforcement Identifying Contingencies: Procedural and Behavioral Criteria Touching the Hot Stove: Natural Aversive Contingencies Avoidance The Nature of the Reinforcer in Avoidance Extinction after Negative Reinforcement The Language of Aversive Control

Procedural criteria for distinguishing between positive and negative reinforcement Responding increases Responding decreases Response produces a stimulus Positive Reinforcement Positive Punishment Response removes or prevents a stimulus Negative Reinforcement Negative Punishment

Consequences of Responding: Escape and Avoidance Elicited Responding and Escape The Ambiguous Distinction between Positive from Negative Reinforcement Identifying Contingencies: Procedural and Behavioral Criteria Touching the Hot Stove: Natural Aversive Contingencies Avoidance The Nature of the Reinforcer in Avoidance Extinction after Negative Reinforcement The Language of Aversive Control

Positive versus Negative We could appeal to physics, but we would still have to deal with the ambiguities Instead, we can appeal to a behavioral criterion We will always speak of reinforcement when responding goes up and of punishment when it goes down But if the contingencies create behavior that competes with the responding to be reinforced (e.g., shivering that competes with heat-producing lever pressing during cold), then that is a better reason to distinguish between this procedure and one that does not produce such competition (e.g., food-reinforced lever pressing)

Consequences of Responding: Escape and Avoidance Elicited Responding and Escape The Ambiguous Distinction between Positive from Negative Reinforcement Identifying Contingencies: Procedural and Behavioral Criteria Touching the Hot Stove: Natural Aversive Contingencies Avoidance The Nature of the Reinforcer in Avoidance Extinction after Negative Reinforcement The Language of Aversive Control

Consequences of Responding: Escape and Avoidance Elicited Responding and Escape The Ambiguous Distinction between Positive from Negative Reinforcement Identifying Contingencies: Procedural and Behavioral Criteria Touching the Hot Stove: Natural Aversive Contingencies Avoidance The Nature of the Reinforcer in Avoidance Extinction after Negative Reinforcement The Language of Aversive Control

Consequences of Responding: Escape and Avoidance Elicited Responding and Escape The Ambiguous Distinction between Positive from Negative Reinforcement Identifying Contingencies: Procedural and Behavioral Criteria Touching the Hot Stove: Natural Aversive Contingencies Avoidance The Nature of the Reinforcer in Avoidance Extinction after Negative Reinforcement The Language of Aversive Control

One kind of avoidance procedure delays the aversive event (as when a coin in a parking meter sets back the time when you are at risk to be ticketed) A second kind prevents the aversive event (as when getting an immunization shot prevents you from contracting a disease)

When avoidance is successful, nothing happens Though avoidance is easy to maintain once it gets started, it is hard to get it started That is probably why it is difficult to teach preventive measures such as adhering to medical procedures or using seat belts

Consequences of Responding: Escape and Avoidance Elicited Responding and Escape The Ambiguous Distinction between Positive from Negative Reinforcement Identifying Contingencies: Procedural and Behavioral Criteria Touching the Hot Stove: Natural Aversive Contingencies Avoidance The Nature of the Reinforcer in Avoidance Extinction after Negative Reinforcement The Language of Aversive Control

Getting rid of the aversive stimulus is essentially getting rid of the establishing operation that makes its absence a reinforcer The proper extinction procedure, though rarely studied, is to continue to present the aversive stimulus, but to stop allowing the response to prevent or delay it

Consequences of Responding: Escape and Avoidance Elicited Responding and Escape The Ambiguous Distinction between Positive from Negative Reinforcement Identifying Contingencies: Procedural and Behavioral Criteria Touching the Hot Stove: Natural Aversive Contingencies Avoidance The Nature of the Reinforcer in Avoidance Extinction after Negative Reinforcement The Language of Aversive Control

Consequences of Responding: Escape and Avoidance Elicited Responding and Escape The Ambiguous Distinction between Positive from Negative Reinforcement Identifying Contingencies: Procedural and Behavioral Criteria Touching the Hot Stove: Natural Aversive Contingencies Avoidance The Nature of the Reinforcer in Avoidance Extinction after Negative Reinforcement The Language of Aversive Control Addendum 8A: Species‑Specific Defense Reactions

Consequences of Responding: Punishment The Vocabulary of Punishment Comparing Reinforcement and Punishment The Relativity of Punishment Side Effects of Punishment Eliciting Effects of Punishers Discriminative Effects of Punishers Timeout as Punishment The Ethics of Punishment Consequences of Responding: Escape and Avoidance Escape Elicited Responding and Escape The Ambiguous Distinction between Positive from Negative Reinforcement Identifying Contingencies: Procedural and Behavioral Criteria Touching the Hot Stove: Natural Aversive Contingencies Avoidance The Nature of the Reinforcer in Avoidance Extinction after Negative Reinforcement The Language of Aversive Control

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