Outlines Have 2 Jobs: 1.to organize the structure of a paragraph 2.To help you take notes Now that you can find the topic sentence in a paragraph, you’re ready to organize an entire paragraph into essential points of the main topic and supporting details!

Outlines for some paragraphs you may not need to fill in all the detail lines. For others, you may need to add more lines. I.___________________________________ (Topic Sentence – shortened to main idea) A. ________________________________________ (supporting detail) B. ________________________________________ (supporting detail) C. ________________________________________ (supporting detail) D. ________________________________________ (supporting detail)

Example 1: Read the paragraph below. Worker bees are tremendously busy. They gather nectar from the flower. They build the honeycombs. They feed and clean the queen bee. They also protect the hive. Notice how the topic is repeatedly used? indent

What is the topic sentence? Hint: when taking notes, you don’t write the whole topic sentence. You reduce it to as few words as possible. For example, the sentence Worker bees are tremendously busy could be written as Busy worker bees. Worker bees are tremendously busy. They gather nectar from the flower. They build the honeycombs. They feed and clean the queen bee. They also protect the hive.

Main topic: Busy worker bees Next, find the sentences in the paragraph that give details or support the main topic. Ask yourself a question, such as “What do the worker bees do? Then record your answer in the fewest possible words: Worker bees are tremendously busy. They gather nectar from the flower. They build the honeycombs. They feed and clean the queen bee. They also protect the hive.

Main topic: Busy worker bees Supporting Details: Gather nectar Build honeycombs Feed and clean queen Protect hive Worker bees are tremendously busy. They gather nectar from the flower. They build the honeycombs. They feed and clean the queen bee. They also protect the hive.

I. Busy worker bees A. Gather nectar B. Build honeycombs C. Feed and clean queen D. Protect hive Worker bees are tremendously busy. They gather nectar from the flower. They build the honeycombs. They feed and clean the queen bee. They also protect the hive.

Example 2: Read the paragraph and write an outline. Even though the tugboat is a small vessel, it has big jobs to perform. It helps to push and pull huge freighters and ocean liners in and out of city harbors. It helps maneuver large ships into their docks. It pulls barges in and out of the harbor along the coast. It helps to lay telephone and television cable. Remember to reduce! indent

Is yours similar to mine? I. Small tugboats perform big jobs A. Push and pull huge ships B. Maneuver ships into docks C. Pull barges D. Lay communication cables

Now work backwards. Use the outline to write a good paragraph. I. Humpback whales A. Mammals B. Length, 45 feet C. Tail flukes, 12 feet wide D. Throat, 30 expanding grooves E. Twin blowholes, breathing F. Leap, high in air Remember: 1. Indent 2. Repeat your topic. 3. Use transition phrases

Is yours similar to mine? Humpback whales are among the magnificent giants of the sea. These mammals average 45 feet in length. Just as amazing, their tail flukes are 12 feet wide. The humpback has about 30 throat grooves that allow its throat to expand. The humpback breathes through twin blowholes on top of its head. It seems playful as it leaps high into the air. Find: the indention, the repeated topic, and the transitions.

Supporting sentences clarify the topic sentence of a paragraph by… Giving examples in enumerative order Telling a story or incident in sequential order Showing events in chronological order Describing using spatial order Shows the effects or results of something that happened in cause/effect order Compares or contrasts Describes something using the senses

So, in other words There are 7 types of paragraphs enumerative sequential chronological spatial cause/effect Compare/contrast Descriptive

Today you are going to write a paragraph in enumerative order Giving examples in enumerative order Telling a story or incident in sequential order Showing events in chronological order Describing using spatial order Shows the effects or results of something that happened in cause/effect order Compares or contrasts Describes something using the senses

Enumerative Paragraphs The writer develops the paragraph by using examples. The specific focus of the paragraph is stated in the topic sentence and is followed by several supporting examples. Signal words, such as for example, first, furthermore, and also tell the reader that another example is coming up in the paragraph.

Enumerative Order Signal Words Enumerative signal words: For example First Also Another Second Furthermore In addition Some Others Too Likewise A few As well as

Example of an Enumerative Paragraph Walls are built for different purposes. For example, Hadrian’s Wall was built in 125 A.D. across the neck of Scotland to keep the northern Picts out of newly acquired Roman territory in England. Another example is a pasture wall, built to keep livestock safe and protected. A third kind of wall is a memorial wall. The Vietnam Veterans Memorial wall was completed in 1982 and displays the names of that war’s dead and missing. Finally, the most common use of walls, of course, is in housing to separate rooms and to support roofs. indent Enumerative signal words: For example First Also Another Second Furthermore In addition Some Others Too Likewise A few As well as

Example of an Enumerative Paragraph Walls are built for different purposes. For example, Hadrian’s Wall was built in 125 A.D. across the neck of Scotland to keep the northern Picts out of newly acquired Roman territory in England. Another example is a pasture wall, built to keep livestock safe and protected. A third kind of wall is a memorial wall. The Vietnam Veterans Memorial wall was completed in 1982 and displays the names of that war’s dead and missing. Finally, the most common use of walls, of course, is in housing to separate rooms and to support roofs. indent

Outline this Enumerative Paragraph Walls are built for different purposes. For example, Hadrian’s Wall was built in 125 A.D. across the neck of Scotland to keep the northern Picts out of newly acquired Roman territory in England. Another example is a pasture wall, built to keep livestock safe and protected. A third kind of wall is a memorial wall. The Vietnam Veterans Memorial wall was completed in 1982 and displays the names of that war’s dead and missing. Finally, the most common use of walls, of course, is in housing to separate rooms and to support roofs.

Is yours similar to mine? I. Purposes of walls A. Defense – Hadrian’s Wall B. Protection – pasture wall C. Memorial – Vietnam Veterans Memorial D. Support – house walls

Homework Paragraph Make an Enumerative Outline for the different kinds of students in this room. Then write an Enumerative Paragraph from your outline. –Remember to indent –Remember to repeat your topic –Remember to use transitions