Economic Advance & Social Unrest AP EURO Chapter 21

Shift From Human and Animal Power to Mechanical Power  1. Agricultural Revolution 1700’s led to abundant food supply  2. the Enclosure Movement forced many poor rural people to move to cities and work in factories  YycnqM YycnqM

Population Growth  Europe’s population increased from  120 million in 1700 to  190 million in 1800  This growth in population created a pool of workers

Why Did the Industrial Revolution Begin in England ?  1. Innovations in agriculture (mid 1700’s)  2. New Technology -Textile industry  3. Large population  4. Stable Economy  5. Coal & Iron Production  6. Harbors & Rivers

British Textile Industry  Introduction of the Factory system led to growth of Textile Industry  Textiles shipped all over the world  Great Britain ’ s economic foundation

British Textile Industry

Manchester, England  Center of Textile Industry  Population grew due to:  Urbanization – movement of people to cities

Manchester, England  In 1842 a German visitor noted that he had seen so many people in the streets of Manchester without arms and legs that it was like "living in the midst of the army just returned from a campaign."Manchester

Working Conditions in Factories ’s  Dangerous machinery  Loss of limbs, life common  No ventilation, sanitation  hot / cold  No such thing as worker ’ s rights

CHILD LABOR

Western European Countries Followed Industrial Pattern by 1830 People Migrated to cities:  1. In England: ½ of population moved to cities  2. France: ¼ moved to cities

Impact of Migration …  Cities not Prepared to receive Large Numbers  1. Inadequate housing  2. Contaminated water, sewers  3. Disease  4. Crime  5. Degradation at factories

Railways Facilitated Movement  1830 ’ s-1840 ’ s Construction of:  1. Railroad building  2. Canals,  3. Roads  Cheaper, faster Methods of transportation for people and products

Factories & Wage Labor  End of the domestic system  Displaced previous skilled laborers  Factory workers contributed their labor for a wage  Proletariat – industrial workers who sell their labor to live.

Factory Owners Preferred …  Hiring young, single women or widows to work in factories  in some cases Children instead than the wives were sent to work

Changes in Family Structure  Family ceased to be the basic unit of production and consumption  Economic & home life no longer the same

Laboring Poor  Long hours, low wages, unskilled workers  Women received lower wages  Factories and mines employed children as young as 6

Irish Potato Famine  Potatoes introduced from South America in 17 th cent.  Irish peasants depended on potato crop

Irish Potato Famine  1845 a fungus (blight) Harmed crops  ½ million Irish peasants died  Survivors immigrated the United States

Irish Potato Famine

English Factory Act, 1833  Forbade employment of children under 9  Limited the workday for children (9-13) to 9 hours

Mines Act, 1842  Women and children under 10  Forbidden from working in mines

Ten Hours Act, 1847  Limited the workday for women and children  To 10 hours per day

Chartism  1 st large scale European working class movement  Workers sought political reform  Petitions with signatures  London Workingmen ’ s Association demanded 6 specific reforms

Chartism – charter 6 reforms  1. Universal male suffrage  2. Annual election of House of Commons  3. Equal electoral districts  4. Abolition of property qualifications for members of House of Commons  5. Secret ballot  6. No payment of salary to House of Commons

Response Urban Crime  Professional Police Force are established  1. Paris 1828  2. London 1828 (Bobbies) Visible presence deterred crime

Prison Reform  Late 18 th Century – Mid 19 th Century: serious offenders sentenced to transportation to Australia!

Prison Reform  1840 ’ s France & England led the way  Goal of prison = to rehabilitate prisoner  Individual cells, separation form other prisoners led to self- reflection

Classical Economists  Studied the problems created by industrial communities  “ grim economists ”

1. Thomas Malthus  Essay on Principle of Population (1798)  Population will always be greater than food supply  Poverty and misery will always exist

2. David Ricardo  Principles of Political Economy (1817)  “ Iron Law of Wages ”  If wages are raised, parents have more children.  More laborers = lower wages, fewer jobs

Early Socialism …  1. response to industrial revolution  2. disapproves of current economic systems  3. Questions private ownership & means of production  4. fairer distribution of income among working class

Utopian Socialism 1. Saint-Simon - France -planned society public owns capital & industrial equipment -no need for nobility or clergy class -laborers = productive citizens

Utopian Socialists  2. Charles Fourier – France  Imagined utopian communities “ phalanxes ”  Made up of 1,620 individuals  Never materialized

Utopian Socialists  3. Flora Tristan  Fought for equality for women in marriage & workplace

Utopian Socialists  4. Etienne Cabet – French  Wrote novel describing ideal city w/ economic harmony & education  5. Louis Blanc- “ national workshops ” state supported manufacturing centers for unemployed

G.W.F. Hegel ’ s Theories  1. Reality a process of endless change  2. History results from a series of change or  3. “ Dialectic ” reaction of opposites

G.W.F. Hegel ’ s Theories  A given state of affairs is called “ thesis ”  It produces the concept of an opposite state, “ anti-thesis ”  Any reconciliation of the two “ synthesis ”  As ideas clash, new ideas emerge

Marxian Socialism  Karl Marx & Friedrich Engels  Both Write : Communist Manifesto, 1848  Marx Wrote: Das Kapital, 1867  Engels Writes: The Condition of the Working Class in England, 1844  Influenced by Hegel

Marxian Socialism  1.History advances through conflict  2.Economics major force of change  3.Class that controls production becomes ruling class  4. Conflict between classes is inevitable  Class struggle moves history forward.

Marx ’ s 4 Stages of Economic Life  1. Primitive  2. Slave  3. Feudal  4. Capitalist

Therefore …  Socialism – means of production, such as capital, land, raw materials, factories or land should be owned and controlled by society  Communism – In the theories of Marx & Engels, a society without class distinctions or private property

The Age of “ -isms ”   The age of ideologies, or “ -isms ”  “ -isms ” influence how people viewed events and motivated them to action

Revolutions 1848

Revolutions All Over Europe 1848  Causes:  1. Liberals feel frustration at lack of political change  2. Ethnic minorities left out  3. Lives of working class

Revolutions of 1848  General Desires:  1. Constitutions  2. Independence & unification of nationalist groups  3. End of serfdom in Eastern Europe