1. The Industrial Revolution 1750-1870

2. Changes in Manufacturing Methods during 18 th Century From slower, more expensive production by hand to quicker, less costly production by machine From work at home to work at a factory

4. Characteristics of the Old Industrial Revolution The invention of the 1 st complex machines and building of the 1 st factories The development of steam as a source of power, and its applications The expansion of the output of basic materials….coal, iron, steel The introduction of new methods of transportation and communication

5. Historical Method of Production By the late Middle Ages the manufacture of goods was controlled by trade or artisan guilds The guilds were organizations that set standards for their craft. Typically they restricted the number of workers, hours worked, types of tools that were used, etc As a result, the output of goods was limited

6. The Shift Along with the growth of towns, the re- emergence of trade, and the population growth came a demand for more goods than the guilds could produce. In the 16 th century, the English textile industry defied the guilds by using the “putting out” system How did it work?: –individuals at home would be provided with the raw materials –get paid for creating finished goods (ex. spinning raw wool or cotton into thread)

7. Why did the textile industry become the 1 st major industry to adopt the factory system? Demand for textiles –cotton (which was much more comfortable than the traditional wool). The constant thread shortage focused attention on ways of improving spinning methods.

8. Results The amount of cotton yarn produced in England in 1790 was 10 times the amount produced in 1770 Cotton goods became much cheaper and more available. {use of underwear} Wages for textile workers increased greatly Changes in demographics: rural agrarian life gave way to urban industrial life

9. Why did Britain take the lead in Industrialization? Natural resources: –Raw materials like coal (steam) and iron ore –Colonies (Mercantilism) Transportation: –Harbors –Canals –Railroads

10. Agricultural changes: –enclosure movement Population: G.B. had –skilled workers –wealthy capitalists Government: –Stable –organized banking system –protected industries.

13. How did machines affect work? Less time to learn a craft Preferences for younger workers – Why? Women and children increasingly hired – Why? Who gets left out?

14. Wage System Old System: Domestic –Worked unsupervised in your home –Turned in finished products for money New System: Factory –Supervised division of labor –Paid by the number of hours worked, or the amount of goods produced

15. Why Wages? Allowed owners to produce goods as cheaply as possible (could adjust wages) What determined wages? –Oversupply of workers lowered wages –What people could earn doing other jobs –Males earned more –Best way to good wages: Acquire skills

16. Factory Rules and Regulations Set break and lunch times, no off times 14 hours a day, 6 days a week Factories were poorly ventilated, dirty, unsanitary, and usually without any safety precautions, especially with machines

17. Average Age at Death for Different Social Groups GentryTradespeopleLaborers Rutland524138 Truro403328 Derby493821 Manchester382017 Bethnal Green452616 Liverpool352215 Agricultural area, Tin-Mining center, Industrial Centers

18. Child Labor Was a necessity in many families Children as young as five were sent to work in mines, cotton mills Little protection No real protection until 1833 with Britain’s Factory Act, which called for enforcement of child labor laws and inspections of factories

19. Living Conditions Tenement lifestyle was the most common Even in 1840, between 40,000 and 50,000 laborers in Manchester lived in cellars Exposure to poor sanitation, diseases Standard of living improved –wages slowly increased –inexpensive consumer goods became available to laborers

20. Rise of the Middle Class As economic and political power moved from agriculture to manufacturing, a middle class formed (lawyers, doctors, bankers, merchants, manufacturers) The new middle class: –Dressed differently –Lived in different communities –Gained prestige and political power –Like the upper classes, the rising middle class could now afford things like…

23. Economic Systems GoalsGov’tDecisionsEconomy Capitalism (Market Economy) Socialism Communism (Command Economy)

24. Capitalism Goals –Use supply and demand, natural laws –Profit motive Government –Laissez Faire

25. Capitalism Decision Making –Free enterprise –Supply and demand Economy –Competition –Privately owned property

26. Socialism Goals –Equitable distribution of resources –Provide for basic needs Government –Controls major resources and industries

27. Socialism Decision Making –Made by the government for good of everyone Economy –Smaller businesses owned privately –Government makes bigger economic decisions

28. Communism Goals –Karl Marx: History of class struggle Bourgeoisie vs. Proletariat Tribes, Slavery, Feudalism, Capitalism, Communism –Classless society, total equality –Government will eventually wither away Government –Stresses cooperation –Owns businesses –Set prices

29. Communism Decision Making –Economic decisions made by government Economy –Common ownership of property –Views capitalism as a threat