Please answer the following question in the first section of Outline Do Now:

IN YOUR OUTLINE HANDOUT, LIST SOME TRAITS THAT BREEDERS MAY WANT TO SELECT FOR IN THESE ORGANISMS.

Pgs

Process that separates homologous chromosomes in a first division then separates sister chromatids in a second division. Process that separates homologous chromosomes in a first division then separates sister chromatids in a second division. Meiosis provides for Genetic Variation -Crossing Over -Random lining up of chromosomes during metaphase -Nondisjunction But can we control it? RECALL: MEIOSIS

Definition: the choosing of plants/animals with the most desired traits to serve as parents of the next generation. Definition: the choosing of plants/animals with the most desired traits to serve as parents of the next generation. Requires time, patience and several generations. Requires time, patience and several generations. Examples: Milk production in cattle, planting seeds from the juiciest berries. Examples: Milk production in cattle, planting seeds from the juiciest berries. SELECTIVE BREEDING

Results in an increase of the frequency (percentage) of the desired allele of a gene in a population. Results in an increase of the frequency (percentage) of the desired allele of a gene in a population. Examples– inbreeding, crossbreeding Examples– inbreeding, crossbreeding SELECTIVE BREEDING

The cross of an individual with unknown genotype with an individual of known genotype (ideally recessive). The cross of an individual with unknown genotype with an individual of known genotype (ideally recessive). Purpose: to help determine which organisms will have the greatest chances of passing on desired traits. TEST CROSS

13.2 RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY

Advantages: faster more reliable method for increasing allele frequency. Also called recombinant DNA technology. Making Transgenic Organisms (3 step process) Making Transgenic Organisms (3 step process) 1- cut DNA fragments1- cut DNA fragments 2- connect DNA fragment to carrier (vector).2- connect DNA fragment to carrier (vector). 3- insert DNA fragment and carrier into new organism.3- insert DNA fragment and carrier into new organism. Transgenic = “across” “race”. A transgenic organism contains genes from another species. Transgenic = “across” “race”. A transgenic organism contains genes from another species. GENETIC ENGINEERING

Cuts DNA strands into pieces. Each restriction enzyme cuts DNA at a specific sequence. Each restriction enzyme cuts DNA at a specific sequence. Example – EcoRI  G A A T T CExample – EcoRI  G A A T T C (only this sequence) C T T A A G (only this sequence) C T T A A G Two types of cuts: blunt end and sticky end. Two types of cuts: blunt end and sticky end. If you wanted to make five different cuts in DNA, how many restriction enzymes would you need? If you wanted to make five different cuts in DNA, how many restriction enzymes would you need?5 RESTRICTION ENZYMES

Sticky Ends – type of cut resulting from a palindromic* cut through the middle of the nitrogen bases of DNA. Sticky Ends – type of cut resulting from a palindromic* cut through the middle of the nitrogen bases of DNA. Blunt Ends – type of cut resulting from cutting straight through both strands of the DNA. Blunt Ends – type of cut resulting from cutting straight through both strands of the DNA. * palindrome – sequence of letters are the same both forwards and backwards ex. Racecar, wow * palindrome – sequence of letters are the same both forwards and backwards ex. Racecar, wow STICKY V.S. BLUNT END CUTS

Vectors – the carrier of recombinant DNA. 1. Biological – bacteria plasmid or viruses 2. Mechanical – micropipette, metal bullet In the transgenic tobacco plant, the light producing firefly DNA was inserted into bacterial DNA before being placed inside the plant. Plasmids – small ring of bacterial DNA that is cleaved (cut) with the same restriction enzyme used for the DNA fragment. Plasmids – small ring of bacterial DNA that is cleaved (cut) with the same restriction enzyme used for the DNA fragment. This allows the DNA fragment to be attached to the plasmid. This allows the DNA fragment to be attached to the plasmid. VECTORS

Gene Clone: Once you have recombinant DNA it can be inserted into a cell where it can replicate to produce copies (or clones) of itself. Gene Clone: Once you have recombinant DNA it can be inserted into a cell where it can replicate to produce copies (or clones) of itself. Animal clones: all of the DNA from one cell of the desired animal is inserted into an egg cell (that the DNA has been removed from). Animal clones: all of the DNA from one cell of the desired animal is inserted into an egg cell (that the DNA has been removed from). - The egg cell than undergoes mitosis and eventually develops into a new organism with the desired organism’s DNA.new organism with the desired organism’s DNA. Polymerase chain reaction: A way of replicating or cloning DNA outside of a living organism. (PCR) Polymerase chain reaction: A way of replicating or cloning DNA outside of a living organism. (PCR) CLONES

Industry: Modifying E Coli to produce indigo dye for blue jeans. Medicine: Used in production of human growth hormone to treat pituitary dwarfism. Agriculture: crops developed that are better tasting, protected from disease and stay fresh longer. APPLICATIONS OF TECHNOLOGY

1.What is a vector? Give an example of a vector. 2.In selective breeding, what happens to the desired allele in a population? 3.Which is a faster method is faster and more reliable: selective breeding or genetic engineering? REVIEW