Step Up To: Psychology John J. Schulte, Psy.D. & Jason S. Spiegelman, M.A., ABD From: Hockenbury & Hockenbury Discovering Psychology 5e Worth Publishers (2010) From: Hockenbury & Hockenbury Discovering Psychology 5e Worth Publishers (2010)

Chapter 5: Learning Classical Conditioning: Associating Stimuli Contemporary Views of Classical Conditioning Operant Conditioning: Associating Behaviors and Consequences Contemporary Views of Operant Conditioning Observational Learning: Imitating the Actions of Others

Classical Conditioning: Associating Stimuli

Contemporary Views of Classical Conditioning

Operant Conditioning: Associating Behaviors and Consequences

Contemporary Views of Operant Conditioning

Observational Learning: Imitating the Actions of Others

1. Which of the following is not one of the different types of learning discussed in the chapter on Learning ? A) Operant conditioning B) Observational learning C) Classical conditioning D) Experiential conditioning A) Operant conditioning B) Observational learning C) Classical conditioning D) Experiential conditioning

2. In Pavlov’s experiment the food was the: A) unconditioned stimulus. B) unconditioned response. C) conditioned stimulus. D) conditioned response. A) unconditioned stimulus. B) unconditioned response. C) conditioned stimulus. D) conditioned response.

3. Jimmy was frightened by a barking dog. For the next few months, he was afraid of all dogs. This is an example of: A) stimulus discrimination. B) stimulus generalization. C) unconditioned response. D) unconditioned stimulus. A) stimulus discrimination. B) stimulus generalization. C) unconditioned response. D) unconditioned stimulus.

4. Jason was involved in a bad car accident on the highway. Ever since then, he always gets the “chills” when he drives past that one location. In classical conditioning, this is a(n): A) conditioned emotional response. B) higher order stimulus. C) neutral stimulus. D) extinguished emotional response A) conditioned emotional response. B) higher order stimulus. C) neutral stimulus. D) extinguished emotional response

5. Watson’s experiment with Little Albert was criticized because: A) it is unethical to cause such distress to an infant. B) Little Albert died as a result. C) Watson did not obtain permission from the parents. D) he was unable to condition a lasting fear response. A) it is unethical to cause such distress to an infant. B) Little Albert died as a result. C) Watson did not obtain permission from the parents. D) he was unable to condition a lasting fear response.

6. More recent investigations into the process of classical conditioning suggest that it involves: A) pairing of stimulus and response. B) learning how events are related. C) rewarding positive behavior. D) the use of all the senses. A) pairing of stimulus and response. B) learning how events are related. C) rewarding positive behavior. D) the use of all the senses.

7. Marla got a batch of bad shrimp at her favorite restaurant one evening, and thereafter never ate shrimp again. This is an example of: A) the Rescorla effect. B) unconditioned agustia. C) placebo response. D) taste aversion. A) the Rescorla effect. B) unconditioned agustia. C) placebo response. D) taste aversion.

8. According to John Garcia human beings have a greater tendency to be afraid of dangerous, potentially harmful stimuli due to: A) primal conditioning. B) arachnophobia. C) biological preparedness. D) stimulus priming. A) primal conditioning. B) arachnophobia. C) biological preparedness. D) stimulus priming.

9. According to the _____ perspective, mental processes as well as external events are an important component in the learning of new behaviors. A) evolutionary B) cognitive C) biological D) analytic A) evolutionary B) cognitive C) biological D) analytic

10. Cognitive processes in classical conditioning have been demonstrated by Robert Rescorla when: A) light was used instead of tones. B) verbal instruction increased the effectiveness of the CS. C) the CS was too complex and confusing. D) tones did not predict the coming of the UCS. A) light was used instead of tones. B) verbal instruction increased the effectiveness of the CS. C) the CS was too complex and confusing. D) tones did not predict the coming of the UCS.

11. The “Law of Effect” which addresses the likelihood of repeating a behavior based on the consequences of that action, was proposed by: A) Edward L. Thorndike. B) John B. Watson. C) Albert Bandura. D) Ivan Pavlov. A) Edward L. Thorndike. B) John B. Watson. C) Albert Bandura. D) Ivan Pavlov.

12. Jonah’s parents are trying to teach him to use the bathroom. They first reward him for saying “potty,” then only for walking to the bathroom, and finally only after he uses the toilet. This is an example of: A) negative punishment. B) fixed interval reinforcement. C) shaping. D) negative reinforcement. A) negative punishment. B) fixed interval reinforcement. C) shaping. D) negative reinforcement.

13. Hailey’s parents are using punishment by _________ when they take her dolls away from her for pulling her little sister’s hair. A) application. B) hierarchy. C) operant. D) removal. A) application. B) hierarchy. C) operant. D) removal.

14. A standard Las Vegas or Atlantic City slot machine operates on which of the following schedules of partial reinforcement? A) Fixed Interval B) Variable Interval C) Fixed Ratio D) Variable Ratio A) Fixed Interval B) Variable Interval C) Fixed Ratio D) Variable Ratio

15. The best time to deliver a positive reinforcer is: A) every time the behavior occurs for as long as you want it to continue. B) during the preferred behavior. C) immediately after the preferred behavior occurs. D) immediately after explaining the relationship to the preferred behavior. A) every time the behavior occurs for as long as you want it to continue. B) during the preferred behavior. C) immediately after the preferred behavior occurs. D) immediately after explaining the relationship to the preferred behavior.

16. Martin Seligman demonstrated the concept of _________ by exposing dogs to electrical shocks that they were unable to control or stop. A) latent learning B) vicarious learning C) cognitive maps D) learned helplessness A) latent learning B) vicarious learning C) cognitive maps D) learned helplessness

17. Because you have a ________ map of your own home you should be able to get to the kitchen to get a glass of milk at night without turning on the lights. A) conditional B) cognitive C) fixed D) latent A) conditional B) cognitive C) fixed D) latent

18. Through his experiments running rats through mazes, Edward Tolman observed that sometimes learning is not immediately demonstrated in overt behavior. This is called: A) vicarious learning. B) delay of response. C) higher-order learning. D) latent learning. A) vicarious learning. B) delay of response. C) higher-order learning. D) latent learning.

19. According to research into academic learned helplessness, what is the first step in helping students develop a sense of mastery over their academic demands? A) seeking knowledge about course requirements and setting goals B) acquiring the services of a tutor C) seeking out extra credit chances D) forming study groups A) seeking knowledge about course requirements and setting goals B) acquiring the services of a tutor C) seeking out extra credit chances D) forming study groups

20. Keller and Marian Breland observed that some animals resisted being taught certain behaviors, and they posited that __________ could interfere with operant conditioning. A) operant noise B) instinctive drift C) negative intervals D) learned latents A) operant noise B) instinctive drift C) negative intervals D) learned latents

21. Albert Bandura contends that most human behavior: A) is shaped through repeated trial-and- error. B) is acquired through observational learning. C) is reinforced through positive conditioning. D) is planned out and not accidental. A) is shaped through repeated trial-and- error. B) is acquired through observational learning. C) is reinforced through positive conditioning. D) is planned out and not accidental.

22. Which of the following is not one of the crucial cognitive processes involved in imitating a behavior according to Albert Bandura? A) attention B) reinforcement C) memory D) motivation A) attention B) reinforcement C) memory D) motivation

23. Research examining the effect of violence on television has found all but which of the following? A) Those who watch more violence on TV as children are three times as likely to be convicted of a crime B) Violence on TV is correlated with violent behaviors in the classroom C) More than 60% of TV programs contained violent depictions D) Violence on TV increases violence in girls more than it does in boys A) Those who watch more violence on TV as children are three times as likely to be convicted of a crime B) Violence on TV is correlated with violent behaviors in the classroom C) More than 60% of TV programs contained violent depictions D) Violence on TV increases violence in girls more than it does in boys

24. Using the principles of observational learning, many countries have television programs that promote healthy behaviors and social change. Which of the following is not an example of such programming? A) Shows that encourage family planning in Brazil, India, and Tanzania B) Shows that promote HIV/AIDS prevention in Peru and Kenya C) Shows that promote female economic independence in China D) Shows that promote Torah observance in Israel A) Shows that encourage family planning in Brazil, India, and Tanzania B) Shows that promote HIV/AIDS prevention in Peru and Kenya C) Shows that promote female economic independence in China D) Shows that promote Torah observance in Israel

25. What have researchers determined about the correlation of TV viewing and imitative behavior? A) We can decrease violence in our society if we decrease the amount of violence on TV. B) We can increase pro-social behavior if we increase the amount of it on TV. C) None of the above is true; TV doesn’t change the way people act. D) All of the above are true. A) We can decrease violence in our society if we decrease the amount of violence on TV. B) We can increase pro-social behavior if we increase the amount of it on TV. C) None of the above is true; TV doesn’t change the way people act. D) All of the above are true.

Stop here, or continue as a review

1. Which of the following is not one of the different types of learning discussed in the chapter on Learning ? A) Operant conditioning B) Observational learning C) Classical conditioning D) Experiential conditioning A) Operant conditioning B) Observational learning C) Classical conditioning D) Experiential conditioning

2. In Pavlov’s experiment, the food was the: A) unconditioned stimulus. B) unconditioned response. C) conditioned stimulus. D) conditioned response. A) unconditioned stimulus. B) unconditioned response. C) conditioned stimulus. D) conditioned response.

3. Jimmy was frightened by a barking dog. For the next few months, he was afraid of all dogs. This is an example of: A) stimulus discrimination. B) stimulus generalization. C) unconditioned response. D) unconditioned stimulus. A) stimulus discrimination. B) stimulus generalization. C) unconditioned response. D) unconditioned stimulus.

4. Jason was involved in a bad car accident on the highway. Ever since then, he always gets the “chills” when he drives past that one location. In classical conditioning, this is a(n): A) conditioned emotional response. B) higher order stimulus. C) neutral stimulus. D) extinguished emotional response A) conditioned emotional response. B) higher order stimulus. C) neutral stimulus. D) extinguished emotional response

5. Watson’s experiment with Little Albert was criticized because: A) it is unethical to cause such distress to an infant. B) Little Albert died as a result. C) Watson did not obtain permission from the parents. D) he was unable to condition a lasting fear response. A) it is unethical to cause such distress to an infant. B) Little Albert died as a result. C) Watson did not obtain permission from the parents. D) he was unable to condition a lasting fear response.

6. More recent investigations into the process of classical conditioning suggest that it involves: A) pairing of stimulus and response. B) learning how events are related. C) rewarding positive behavior. D) the use of all the senses. A) pairing of stimulus and response. B) learning how events are related. C) rewarding positive behavior. D) the use of all the senses.

7. Marla got a batch of bad shrimp at her favorite restaurant one evening, and thereafter never ate shrimp again. This is an example of: A) the Rescorla effect. B) unconditioned agustia. C) placebo response. D) taste aversion. A) the Rescorla effect. B) unconditioned agustia. C) placebo response. D) taste aversion.

8. According to John Garcia, human beings have a greater tendency to be afraid of dangerous, potentially harmful stimuli due to: A) primal conditioning. B) arachnophobia. C) biological preparedness. D) stimulus priming. A) primal conditioning. B) arachnophobia. C) biological preparedness. D) stimulus priming.

9. According to the _____ perspective, mental processes as well as external events are an important component in the learning of new behaviors. A) evolutionary B) cognitive C) biological D) analytic A) evolutionary B) cognitive C) biological D) analytic

10. Cognitive processes in classical conditioning have been demonstrated by Robert Rescorla when: A) light was used instead of tones. B) verbal instruction increased the effectiveness of the CS. C) the CS was too complex and confusing. D) tones did not predict the coming of the UCS. A) light was used instead of tones. B) verbal instruction increased the effectiveness of the CS. C) the CS was too complex and confusing. D) tones did not predict the coming of the UCS.

11. The “Law of Effect,” which addresses the likelihood of repeating a behavior based on the consequences of that action, was proposed by: A) Edward L. Thorndike. B) John B. Watson. C) Albert Bandura. D) Ivan Pavlov. A) Edward L. Thorndike. B) John B. Watson. C) Albert Bandura. D) Ivan Pavlov.

12. Jonah’s parents are trying to teach him to use the bathroom. They first reward him for saying “potty,” then only for walking to the bathroom, and finally only after he uses the toilet. This is an example of: A) negative punishment. B) fixed interval reinforcement. C) shaping. D) negative reinforcement. A) negative punishment. B) fixed interval reinforcement. C) shaping. D) negative reinforcement.

13. Hailey’s parents are using punishment by ________ when they take her dolls away from her for pulling her little sister’s hair. A) application. B) hierarchy. C) operant. D) removal. A) application. B) hierarchy. C) operant. D) removal.

14. A standard Las Vegas or Atlantic City slot machine operates on which of the following schedules of partial reinforcement? A) Fixed Interval B) Variable Interval C) Fixed Ratio D) Variable Ratio A) Fixed Interval B) Variable Interval C) Fixed Ratio D) Variable Ratio

15. The best time to deliver a positive reinforcer is: A) every time the behavior occurs for as long as you want it to continue. B) during the preferred behavior. C) immediately after the preferred behavior occurs. D) immediately after explaining the relationship to the preferred behavior. A) every time the behavior occurs for as long as you want it to continue. B) during the preferred behavior. C) immediately after the preferred behavior occurs. D) immediately after explaining the relationship to the preferred behavior.

16. Martin Seligman demonstrated the concept of _________ by exposing dogs to electrical shocks that they were unable to control or stop. A) latent learning B) vicarious learning C) cognitive maps D) learned helplessness A) latent learning B) vicarious learning C) cognitive maps D) learned helplessness

17. Because you have a ________ map of your own home, you should be able to get to the kitchen to get a glass of milk at night without turning on the lights. A) conditional B) cognitive C) fixed D) latent A) conditional B) cognitive C) fixed D) latent

18. Through his experiments running rats through mazes, Edward Tolman observed that sometimes learning is not immediately demonstrated in overt behavior. This is called: A) vicarious learning. B) delay of response. C) higher-order learning. D) latent learning. A) vicarious learning. B) delay of response. C) higher-order learning. D) latent learning.

19. According to research into academic learned helplessness, what is the first step in helping students develop a sense of mastery over their academic demands? A) Seeking knowledge about course requirements and setting goals. B) Acquiring the services of a tutor. C) Seeking out extra credit chances. D) Forming study groups. A) Seeking knowledge about course requirements and setting goals. B) Acquiring the services of a tutor. C) Seeking out extra credit chances. D) Forming study groups.

20. Keller and Marian Breland observed that some animals resisted being taught certain behaviors, and they posited that __________ could interfere with operant conditioning. A) operant noise B) instinctive drift C) negative intervals D) learned latents A) operant noise B) instinctive drift C) negative intervals D) learned latents

21. Albert Bandura contends that most human behavior: A) is shaped through repeated trial- and-error. B) is acquired through observational learning. C) is reinforced through positive conditioning. D) is planned out and not accidental. A) is shaped through repeated trial- and-error. B) is acquired through observational learning. C) is reinforced through positive conditioning. D) is planned out and not accidental.

22. Which of the following is not one of the crucial cognitive processes involved in imitating a behavior according to Albert Bandura? A) attention B) reinforcement C) memory D) motivation A) attention B) reinforcement C) memory D) motivation

23. Research examining the effect of violence on television has found all but which of the following? A) Those who watch more violence on TV as children are three times as likely to be convicted of a crime B) Violence on TV is correlated with violent behaviors in the classroom C) More than 60% of TV programs contained violent depictions D) Violence on TV increases violence in girls more than it does in boys A) Those who watch more violence on TV as children are three times as likely to be convicted of a crime B) Violence on TV is correlated with violent behaviors in the classroom C) More than 60% of TV programs contained violent depictions D) Violence on TV increases violence in girls more than it does in boys

24. Using the principles of observational learning, many countries have television programs that promote healthy behaviors and social change. Which of the following is not an example of such programming? A) Shows that encourage family planning in Brazil, India, and Tanzania B) Shows that promote HIV/AIDS prevention in Peru and Kenya C) Shows that promote female economic independence in China D) Shows that promote Torah observance in Israel A) Shows that encourage family planning in Brazil, India, and Tanzania B) Shows that promote HIV/AIDS prevention in Peru and Kenya C) Shows that promote female economic independence in China D) Shows that promote Torah observance in Israel

25. What have researchers determined about the correlation of TV viewing and imitative behavior? A) We can decrease violence in our society if we decrease the amount of violence on TV. B) We can increase pro-social behavior if we increase the amount of it on TV. C) None of the above is true; TV doesn’t change the way people act. D) All of the above are true. A) We can decrease violence in our society if we decrease the amount of violence on TV. B) We can increase pro-social behavior if we increase the amount of it on TV. C) None of the above is true; TV doesn’t change the way people act. D) All of the above are true.

AcknowledgmentsAcknowledgments Step Up Created by: John J. Schulte, Psy.D. Questions written by: Jason S. Spiegelman, M.A., ABD Based on Discovering Psychology 5e by Hockenbury & Hockenbury Published by Worth Publishers, 2010 Step Up Created by: John J. Schulte, Psy.D. Questions written by: Jason S. Spiegelman, M.A., ABD Based on Discovering Psychology 5e by Hockenbury & Hockenbury Published by Worth Publishers, 2010

AnswersAnswers 1.D 2.A 3.B 4.A 5.A 6.B 7.D 8.C 9.B 10.D 11.A 12.C 13.D 14.D 15.C 16.D 17.B 18.D 19.A 20.B 21.B 22.B 23.D 24.D 25.A