14.3 Ocean’s resources 14.4 Ocean life Hydrosphere

Learning Targets Describe the seafloor List the living and non-living resources that people use from the seafloor Describe the different types of ocean organisms Describe the interactions among different ocean organisms

Seafloor No light High pressure Low temperature Mapped using SONAR Sound Navigation and Ranging How did scientists map the ocean floor? SONAR

Ocean Topography Trenches Mid-ocean ridge Abyssal plain Caused by subduction 10,000+ meters Mid-ocean ridge Caused by divergent boundaries 80,000 km long 1,000-3,000 meters tall Abyssal plain 40% of seafloor Smooth, flat areas Vast underwater mountain ranges are mid-ocean ridges The deepest parts of the ocean are called oceanic trenches.

Ocean Resources Living Resources: Bottom trawling – method of fishing, towing weighted net on seafloor Seafood Primary food for millions of people Why is very little known about the deepest parts of the ocean? There is no light, it is extremely cold, there is extremely high pressure. What are important resources that comes from oceans? Oil and natural gas, seafood, mineral nodules.

Ocean Resources Non-living Resources: Oil and gas Mineral nodules Likely holds most of earth’s fossil fuels Mineral nodules Spherical mineral deposits on the ocean bottom Why is very little known about the deepest parts of the ocean? There is no light, it is extremely cold, there is extremely high pressure. What are important resources that comes from oceans? Oil and natural gas, seafood, mineral nodules.

Ocean Life Diverse food chain Includes marine and terrestrial organisms

Plankton Microscopic Drifting = Greek word for “wanderer” Basis for the entire food chain Phytoplankton Photosynthesizing microorganisms Zooplankton Eggs, microorganisms, juvenile animals, jellyfish Plankton is the most abundant organism in the ocean. What organisms are the basis for the entire oceanic food chain? plankton

Plants and Algae Vary in size Produce most of the atmospheric oxygen Microscopic to many meters long Produce most of the atmospheric oxygen Photosynthesize  Photic zone

Invertebrates Animals without a backbone Crabs, lobsters, snails, sponges, squid, octopi, starfish, many more Live in all parts of the ocean Most species in the ocean are classified as invertebrates. An animal with no spinal column or backbone is called an invertebrate.

Fish Vertebrates Breathe oxygen Includes sharks and eels Not whales and dolphins The first vertebrates to evolve in the ocean were fish. Which of the following is a vertebrate? Coral lobster jellyfish sea turtle

Reptiles Breathe air Crocodiles, water snakes, turtles, marine iguanas Many have terrestrial portions of their lifecycle

Seabirds May swim and/or fly Penguins, gulls, kestrels, pelicans May migrate thousands of miles

Marine Mammals Warm-blooded, milk producing Very similar to humans Evolved from land animals Cetaceans (whales), sirenians(manatee), pinnepeds(seals), mustelids(otters), polar bears