 526 – 1204 Byzantine Era  526 – St Benedict Establishes Monasticism  Reign of Eastern Emperor Justinian and his wife Theodora  622 – Mohammed establishes Islam when fleeing from Mecca  700 – Traditional date of first book in English – Beowulf  – Conquest of North Africa and Spain by Muslims/ Arab rule established in and around Mediterranean  726 – 843 – Iconoclasm – movement against the veneration (worship) of icons in Churches  768 – 814 – Reign of Charlemagne  Dec. 25, 800 – Charlemagne becomes first Holy Roman Emperor  – Vikings raid northern Europe, Muslims invade Mediterranean, Magyars invade in the East

 800 – the book 1001 Arabian Nights first written  843 – restoration of the images to Eastern churches  1054 – Break between Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic Church (The Great Schism)  1071 – Conquest of eastern Byzantine provinces by Seljuks  – First Crusade called by Pope Urban II (Deus le volt!)  – Era of the Crusades  First branch of warrior monks established – The Knights Templar – soon followed by the Hospitallers and Teutonic Orders  1204 – Crusaders pillage Constantinople  1304 – Establishment of the Inquisition during the Albigensian Crusade in France  1453 – Fall of Constantinople to the Turks – end of Byzantine Era

 Onion Domes  Pointed Arches  Gilded Mosaics  Ornate interiors  Patterned and inlaid floors  Slim people with small pointed feet  Small almond shaped faces, huge eyes

Justinian as world conqueror (Barberini Ivory) mid-6th century ivory 1 ft. 1 1/2 in. x 10 1/2 in. Most successful Byzantine Emperor – almost reconquered entire Western Empire

 Hagia Sophia   Istanbul, Turkey  Artist: Anthemius and Isodorus  Built under the direction of Justinian  Largest church of its time; this is the first use of a dome with pendentives

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 San Vitale  526 – 547  Ravenna, Italy  Typical octagonal shape occurs in Byzantine style, plain exterior, extravagant interiors

 Interior San Vitale  526 – 547  Ravenna, Italy  The walls of the interior are covered from floor to ceiling with mosaics  The amount of light and angle determines the colors and patterns you can see

 Justinian Mosaic  547  Ravenna, Italy  Byzantine mosaics are typically very colorful with a heavy use of gold – note Justinian has a halo (not a saint)  He holds the bread (the host)

 Theodora Mosaic  547  Ravenna, Italy  Note the use of gold – note Theodora’s halo – she was no saint  She carried the cup of wine

Transfiguration of Jesus apse mosaic, Church of the Virgin Monastery of Saint Catherine Mount Sinai, Egypt ca. 565 mosaic Monastery begin to pop up in remote places so that monks could pray in peace

Virgin (Theotokos) and Child between Saints Theodore and George, icon 6th or early 7th century encaustic on wood 2 ft. 3 in. x 1 ft. 7 3/8 in. Byzantine style included almond shaped heads and pointed feet

Katholikon and Church of the Theotokos Hosios Loukas, Greece Katholikon early 11th century, Church of the Theotokos, 10th century Greek Byzantine usually contained multi colored stones

Baptism of Christ Katholikon Hosios Loukas, Greece 11th century mosaic Note the water effect

Pantocrator dome mosaic in the Church of the Dormition Daphni, Greece ca mosaic Mosaics begin to use lots of gold

Crucifixion in the Church of the Dormition Daphni, Greece ca mosaic Considered the Byzantine mosaic masterpiece

 St. Mark’s Square (Piazza San Marco)  Begun 1063  Venice, Italy  The bell tower was rebuilt in 19 th century due to its collapse  Basilica is typical Byzantine style – onion domes, mosaic decorations

San Marco Basilica 1063 Venice, Italy Onion domes are typical as are exterior mosaics – heavy eastern influence

 Interior of Saint Mark’s (San Marco)  1063  Venice, Italy  Heavy use of gold mosaic  Intricately decorated marble patterned floors  In typical Byzantine style in Greek Cross plan  Church was built for a large community

 God Creates Eve  1200  Venice, Italy  Mosaic work becomes very intricate with heavy use of gold, but style is still decayed  Biblical stories were told in scenes like these

Pala d’Oro from Saint Mark’s Cathedral Venice, Italy ca gold cloisonné with precious stones Masterpiece of craftwork

Apse Cathedral at Monreale Monreale, Sicily, Italy ca mosaic Entire apse is mosaic filled

David composing the Psalms Paris Psalter ca tempera on vellum 14 1/8 in. x 10 1/4 in. Best example of Byzantine Illuminated Manuscripts

Anastasis apse fresco in parekklision of the Church of Christ in Chora Constantinpole, (Istanbul), Turkey ca fresco Anastasis means Resurrection

Iconostasis Icons became a major controversy in the Church and it actually caused a division – as the fear of worshiping idols rather than deity occurred

 The end...  Next lecture …  Early Middle Ages