Advantages? Disadvantages? Globes

Projection: Systematic representation of all or part of the three- dimensional Earth surface on a two-dimensional flat surface.

Common Map Projections Conical

Common Map Projections Cylindrical

Planar Common Map Projections

Conformality vs. Equivalence Map Properties

Conformality –Shapes of areas are correct (size of areas are incorrect) –Conformal projection

Equivalence –Size of areas are correct (shapes of areas are incorrect) –Equal-area projection

Compromise Projection –Neither equivalent nor equal-area property –Example: Robinson Projection

Families of Projections Cylindrical –Mercator Projection The most famous projection

Plane Projections –Azimuthal or Zenithal projections (correct direction from point of tangency) –One-hemisphere view

Conic Projections –Small-area maps

Pseudocylindrical Projections –aka elliptical or oval projections

Interrupted Projections

Map projections Youtube dvERM&feature=PlayList&p=9DF42BD3A D0FB8ED&index=0&playnext=1http:// dvERM&feature=PlayList&p=9DF42BD3A D0FB8ED&index=0&playnext=1 15

The most basic map that everyone carries with them…A Mental Map 16

Computer Cartography Mainframe computers –Symap Desktop computers Incredible improvements Demand for skilled cartographers

The Global Positioning System (GPS) Satellite-based Accuracy –Commercial/private users –Military Global positioning satellites

Remote Sensing Collecting, storing, and extracting environmental information using devices not in contact with what’s being studied Limits of human vision –Inexact storage and recall –Our non-vertical perspective –Small portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that our eyes can discern

Geographic Information Systems (GIS) GIS systems combine spatial and attribute data Maps can contain multiple data layers: –Physical features –Cultural features Layers can be added to create composite overlay

GISystem GIS work involves layers of data

GIS Example Land Use on Cape Cod

A GIS map of the island of OAHU 23

A GIS Map and a Google Map of Oahu, Hawaii 24

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Another View of Geography

The Role of the Geographer Maps, globes, map projections, the GIS, remote sensing, GIS are merely TOOLS of the geographer They provide various ways the geographer can portray and study Earth’s surface To use them properly, must be trained in spatial thinking and understand place

Summary Geographers can portray Earth’s surface in many ways, each method has its advantages Geography is increasingly more valuable to government and business, as technological advances in computer mapping, imaging, and satellite remote sensing continue to occur

Resources De Blij, Harm, J. (2007). Human Geography People, Place and Culture. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons Inc. Domosh, Mona, Neumann, Roderic, Price, Patricia, & Jordan-Bychkov, The Human Mosaic, A Cultural Approach to Human Geography. New York: W.H. Freeman and Company. Fellman, Jerome, D., Getis, Arthur, & Getis, Judith, Human Geography, Landscapes of Human Activities. Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Pulsipher, Lydia Mihelic and Alex M. and Pulsipher, World Regional Geography, Global Patterns, Local Lives. W.H. Freeman and Company New York. Rubenstein, James M. (2008). An introduction to human geography The cultural landscape. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall. Benewick, Robert, & Donald, Stephanie H. (2005). The State of China Atlas. Berkeley: University of California Press. 29