Different species might look dissimilar, but the unity among organisms becomes apparent from an analysis of internal structures, the similarity of their chemical processes, and the evidence of common ancestry. Content Standard 3.1

All living things on Earth have some traits in common and some traits that make them different.

Traits of organisms can be used to "classify" them - put them in groups

"Classify" these shapes into three groups?

Shape rectangle circle oval

What characteristic can be used to separate the rectangles into 2 groups?

Classification Lab

Classification Lab 1. Use "shape" to put the objects in 2 large groups

Classification Lab 2. Use a different characteristic to separate each large group into 2 groups

Classification - 3 min

Carolus Linnaeus is considered to be the father of our modern system of classification.

Today's classification system is divided into these groups: Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species

All Archaebacteria live without oxygen(anerobic)...

and obtain their energy from inorganic molecules or from light (autotrophic)...

for this reason archaebacteria are also known as EXTREMOPHILES.

Type of cells: Prokaryotic Cellular organization: Unicellular/Colonial Type of reproduction: Asexual by binary fission Food production: Autotrophic

Type of cells: Eukaryotic Cellular organization: Unicellular/Colonial Type of reproduction: Asexual by mitosis Food production: Heterotrophic or Autotrophic

Type of cells: Eukaryotic Cellular organization: Multicellular Type of reproduction: Sexual/Asexual Food production: Heterotrophic by absorption

Type of cells: Eukaryotic Cellular organization: Multicellular Type of reproduction: Sexual/Asexual Food production: Autotrophic by photosynthesis

Type of cells: Eukaryotic Cellular organization: Multicellular Type of reproduction: Sexual/Asexual Food production: Heterotrophic by ingestion

What kingdom do viruses belong to?

Viruses are much smaller and less complex than cells. Viruses consist of either DNA or RNA enclosed in a protein coat called a capsid. Viruses do not grow.

Viruses have no nucleus, cytoplasm, or membranes. Viruses do not carry out cellular functions. Viruses do not generate metabolic energy.

Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites, meaning that they require a host cell to reproduce.

In short, viruses are not alive!!

3 basic types of viruses: Bacteriophage

3 basic types of viruses: Bacteriophage "Bacteria Eater"

3 basic types of viruses: Adenovirus

3 basic types of viruses: Adenovirus The common cold

3 basic types of viruses: Retrovirus

3 basic types of viruses: Retrovirus Human Immunodeficiency Virus H I V

The 3 Types of Viruses RetrovirusAdenovirusBacteriophage

Reconstruction of the evolutionary histories of organisms

A phylogenetic tree shows a hypothesis about relationships that exist among groups of organisms.

#1 Evolution - 2 min

The closer two organisms are to a branch, the closer their relationship.

Think of a branch as the place where a gene pool is separated.

Line length indicates degree of change, NOT length of time.

Phylogenetic trees are based on four things:

1. The Fossil Record

Any trace of a long-dead organism

#2 Fossils - 3 min

Ignore it, Jeffries. It's unscientific."

#3 Amber - 4 min

2. Morphology

3. Embryology

4. Chromosomes and DNA

A system of classification that uses shared characters to establish evolutionary relationships.

1. Organisms within a group are descended from a common ancestor.

2. There is a branching pattern of cladogenesis.

3. Change in characteristics occurs in lineages over time.

#4 Speciation - 1 min

A dichotomous key is used to identify organisms that you do not already know.

Keys present choices between two statements, couplets, about visible traits of a organism.

By always making the correct choice between couplets, the name of the organism will be revealed.

1 a. There are nine spines in front of the dorsal fin....go to 2 b. There are seven spines in front of the dorsal fin....go to 5

Practice Dichotomous Keys

Mound builders

Spiro Mounds

The digestive system has only 1 opening

The nervous system contains nematocysts

The digestive system still has only one opening

The nervous system is more complex

The digestive system has two openings

A true body cavity is present

All chordates have a notochord, an early endoskeleton.

Lancelates and sea squirts are invertebrates, keeping the notochord throughout life. Lancelates Sea Squirts

The notochord is replaced by a cartilage framework in sharks and a bony framework in higher vertebrates.

The are 7 classes of vertebrates Fish Amphibians Reptiles Birds Mammals

Groups of organs working together to accomplish a task.

The human body has 11 organ systems.

Integumentary Skeletal Muscular Cardiovascular Lymphatic & Immune Nervous Endocrine Respiratory Digestive Urinary Reproductive

The chemical formula for glucose is C 6 H 12 O 6

Classify means to put things into ___

groups Classify means to put things into ___

The father of our modern system of classification.

Carolus Linnaeus The father of our modern system of classification.

The 7 classification groups.

kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species The 7 classification groups.

There are __ (number) kingdoms of living things.

6 There are __ (number) kingdoms of living things.

There are 2 kingdoms of ___.

bacteria There are 2 kingdoms of ___.

The other 4 kingdoms are...

protists fungi plants animals The other 4 kingdoms are...

Viruses ___ alive.

are not Viruses ___ alive.

The outer protein coat of a virus.

capsid The outer protein coat of a virus.

A reconstruction of the evolutionary histories of organisms.

phylogeny A reconstruction of the evolutionary histories of organisms.

A branch on a phylogenetic tree is a place where ___

a gene pool is separated A branch on a phylogenetic tree is a place where ___

The length of a branch on a phylogenetic tree indicates

degree of change NOT length of time The length of a branch on a phylogenetic tree indicates

Any trace of a long dead organism is a ___

fossil Any trace of a long dead organism is a ___

Fossilized tree sap is ___

amber Fossilized tree sap is ___

The study of the structure of an organism is

morphology The study of the structure of an organism is

Organs in different species that have the same basic structure are ___

homologous organs Organs in different species that have the same basic structure are ___

Organs in different species that have different structure but perform the same function are ___

analogous organs Organs in different species that have different structure but perform the same function are ___

An embryo becomes a fetus when it begins to ___.

look like the organism An embryo becomes a fetus when it begins to ___.

A system of classification that uses shared characteristics to establish evolutionary relationships.

cladistics A system of classification that uses shared characteristics to establish evolutionary relationships.

The pair of choices on a dichotomous key are called ___

couplets The pair of choices on a dichotomous key are called ___

The study of the internal working organisms is called ___.

Physiology The study of the internal working organisms is called ___.