1. Taxonomy & Classification
Competency 6

2. Classification
Classification is organizing information into groups based on similar characteristics.
Aristotle was the first person to classify living things.
Just plants and animals

3. Carolus Linnaeus
Linnaeus’s classification system was divided into kingdoms of plants and animals. (animals with and without backbones)
Because of technology, we can determine that some organisms don’t fit in the plant or animal kingdom
We have 6 kingdoms of living things.

4. Six Kingdoms of Life Eubacteria (Domain Eubacteria) Protist Fungus
Archaebacteria (Domain Archaea)
Eubacteria (Domain Eubacteria)
Protist
Fungus
Plants
Animals
(Domain Eukarya)

5. Classification Hierarchy
This system is used to organize the many different living things on Earth into categories.
Three large groups are called domains:
Archaea, Eubacteria, and Eukarya
Three Domains of Life
Eubacteria
Prokaryotes; cell has no nucleus
Archaea
Prokaryotes; cell has no nucleus; live in extreme environments
Eukarya
Eukaryotes; cell has a nucleus; Protist, Fungi, Plants, Animals

6. Each domain is then broken down into smaller groups called kingdoms.
Kingdom level is broken down into 6 smaller groups:
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

8. Scientific Name
Organisms are called by their scientific name which consists of their genus and species name.
Scientific name for a domesticated dog is known as Canis familiaris or Canis familiaris.
Common name: dog, mutt, puppy, pup, stray, canine
Scientific name: written in Latin; italicized or underlined
First name is Genus name and always capital
Second name is species name and not capital

9. Binominal Nomenclature
Binomial nomenclature is the system used to identify all organisms on Earth, from elephants to algae.
It is the scientific name of the organism.

10. Terms you MUST know!! Autotrophic: makes own food
Heterotrophic: must take in food
Multicellular: made of more than one cell
Unicellular: made of only one cell
Eukaryotic: cells have an enclosed nucleus
Prokaryotic: cells that do not have an enclosed nucleus

11. archaea
eubacteria
animal
Kingdoms
protist
fungi
plant

12. Kingdom Archaea (bacteria)
Prokaryotic, unicellular, heterotrophic and autotrophic
Live in extreme environments where other types of bacteria cannot
…like hot springs, boiling water, lots of salt

13. Kingdom Eubacteria (bacteria)
Prokaryotic, unicellular, heterotrophic and autotrophic
Found in many environments: soil, water and in other living things
Common bacteria

14. Kingdom Protist
“catch all” kingdom…they don’t really fit into other kingdoms
All are eukaryotic.
Some are unicellular and others are multicellular
Heterotrophic or autotrophic

15. Kingdom Fungi
Eukaryotic, heterotrophic, can be multicellular or unicellular
Unicellular: yeast
Multicellular: mushrooms, ringworm

16. Plant Kingdom Autotrophs, multicellular, eukaryotic
Carry out photosynthesis to make food
Reproduction: Plants produce seeds, cones or spores
Types of plants:
Vascular: have organs that transport food and water throughout the plant
Nonvascular: do not have organs to transport food and water; usually small plants like true mosses and lichens

17. Animal Kingdom Eukaryotic, multicellular, heterotrophic 2 main groups:
Vertebrates: have backbones
Invertebrates: do not have backbones

18. Animal Kingdom Terminology for talking about animals: Asymmetrical
exhibit no symmetry
No equal divided parts
Bilateral symmetry
Having two halves that are mirror images
Radial symmetry
having many lines of symmetry that all pass through a central point

19. Modern classification is based on evolutionary relationships.

20. Cladistics is classification based on common ancestry.
Phylogeny is the evolutionary history for a group of species.
evidence from living species, fossil record, and molecular data
shown with branching tree diagrams

21. Biologists currently group organisms into categories that represent lines of evolutionary descent, or phylogeny, not just physical similarities.
The strategy of grouping organisms is based on evolutionary history and is called evolutionary classification.

22. Classification Using Cladograms
Many biologists now use a method called cladistic analysis.
Characteristics that appear in recent parts of a lineage but not in its older members are called derived characters.

23. Cladistics is a common method to make evolutionary trees.
classification based on common ancestry
species placed in order that they descended from common ancestor

24. A cladogram is an evolutionary tree made using cladistics.
A clade is a group of species that shares a common ancestor.
Each species in a clade shares some traits with the ancestor.
Each species in a clade has traits that have changed.

25. basis of arranging species in cladogram
Derived characters are traits shared in different degrees by clade members.
FOUR LIMBS WITH DIGITS
Tetrapoda clade 1
Amniota clade 2
Reptilia clade 3
Diapsida clade 4
Archosauria clade 5
EMBRYO PROTECTED BY AMNIOTIC FLUID
OPENING IN THE SIDE OF THE SKULL
SKULL OPENINGS IN FRONT OF THE EYE & IN THE JAW
FEATHERS & TOOTHLESS BEAKS.
SKULL OPENINGS BEHIND THE EYE
DERIVED CHARACTER
basis of arranging species in cladogram
more closely related species share more derived characters
represented on cladogram as hash marks

26. Nodes represent the most recent common ancestor of a clade.
FOUR LIMBS WITH DIGITS
CLADE
Tetrapoda clade 1
Amniota clade 2
Reptilia clade 3
Diapsida clade 4
Archosauria clade 5
Clades can be identified by snipping a branch under a node.
FEATHERS AND TOOTHLESS BEAKS.
SKULL OPENINGS IN FRONT OF THE EYE AND IN THE JAW
OPENING IN THE SIDE OF THE SKULL
SKULL OPENINGS BEHIND THE EYE
EMBRYO PROTECTED BY AMNIOTIC FLUID
DERIVED CHARACTER
NODE

27. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Derived characters can be used to construct a cladogram, a diagram that shows the evolutionary relationships among a group of organisms.
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28. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
A cladogram shows the evolutionary relationships between crabs, barnacles, and limpets.
Crustaceans
Mollusk
Crab
Barnacle
Limpet
Early systems of classification grouped organisms together based on visible similarities. That approach might result in classifying limpets and barnacles together. Biologists now group organisms into categories that represent lines of evolutionary descent, or phylogeny, not just physical similarities. Crabs and barnacles are now grouped together because they share several characteristics that indicate that they are more closely related to each other than either is to limpets. These characteristics include segmented bodies, jointed limbs, and an external skeleton that is shed during growth.
Molted external skeleton
Segmentation
Tiny free-swimming larva
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29. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
DNA Evidence
The more similar the DNA of two species, the more recently they shared a common ancestor, and the more closely they are related in evolutionary terms.
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30. Molecular evidence reveals species’ relatedness.
Molecular data may confirm classification based on physical similarities.
Molecular data may lead scientists to propose a new classification.
DNA is usually given the last word by scientists.